Normal Values

Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry

Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular mass and geometryASE

	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Linear Method
LV mass, g	67–162	163–186	187–210	≥211	88–224	225–258	259–292	≥293
<bold>LV mass/BSA, g/m2</bold>	<bold>43–95 </bold>	<bold>96–108 </bold>	<bold>109–121 </bold>	<bold>≥122</bold>	<bold>49–115 </bold>	<bold>116–131 </bold>	<bold>132–148 </bold>	<bold>≥149</bold>
LV mass/height, g/m	41–99	100–115	116–128	≥129	52–126	127–144	145–162	≥163
LV mass/height2, g/m2	18–44	45–51	52–58	≥59	20–48	49–55	56–63	≥64
Relative wall thickness, cm	0.22–0.42	0.43–0.47	0.48–0.52	≥0.53	0.24–0.42	0.43–0.46	0.47–0.51	≥0.52
<bold>Septal thickness, cm</bold>	<bold>0.6–0.9</bold>	<bold>1.0–1.2 </bold>	<bold>1.3–1.5 </bold>	<bold>≥1.6</bold>	<bold>0.6–1.0 </bold>	<bold>1.1–1.3 </bold>	<bold>1.4–1.6 </bold>	<bold>≥1.7</bold>
<bold>Posterior wall thickness, cm</bold>	<bold>0.6–0.9 </bold>	<bold>1.0–1.2 </bold>	<bold>1.3–1.5 </bold>	<bold>≥1.6</bold>	<bold>0.6–1.0 </bold>	<bold>1.1–1.3 </bold>	<bold>1.4–1.6 </bold>	<bold>≥1.7</bold>
2D Method
LV mass, g	66–150	151–171	172–182	>193	96–200	201–227	228–254	>255
<bold>LV mass/BSA, g/m2</bold>	<bold>44–88 </bold>	<bold>89–100 </bold>	<bold>101–112 </bold>	<bold>≥113</bold>	<bold>50–102 </bold>	<bold>103–116 </bold>	<bold>117–130 </bold>	<bold>≥131</bold>
BSA, Body surface area; LV, left ventricular; 2D, 2-dimensional. <bold>Green values</bold>: Recommended and best validated.

Left Ventricular Size

Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular sizeASE

	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
LV dimension
LV diastolic diameter	3.9–5.3	5.4–5.7	5.8–6.1	≥6.2	4.2–5.9	6.0–6.3	6.4–6.8	≥6.9
LV diastolic diameter/BSA, cm/m2	2.4–3.2	3.3–3.4	3.5–3.7	≥3.8	2.2–3.1	3.2–3.4	3.5–3.6	≥3.7
LV diastolic diameter/height, cm/m	2.5–3.2	3.3–3.4	3.5–3.6	≥3.7	2.4–3.3	3.4–3.5	3.6–3.7	≥3.8
LV volume
LV diastolic volume, mL	56–104	105–117	118–130	≥131	67–155	156–178	179–201	≥201
<bold>LV diastolic volume/BSA, mL/m2</bold>	<bold>35–75</bold>	<bold>76–86</bold>	<bold>87–96</bold>	<bold>≥97</bold>	<bold>35–75</bold>	<bold>76–86</bold>	<bold>87–96</bold>	<bold>≥97</bold>
LV systolic volume, mL	19–49	50–59	60–69	≥70	22–58	59–70	71–82	≥83
<bold>LV systolic volume/BSA, mL/m2</bold>	<bold>12–30</bold>	<bold>31–36</bold>	<bold>37–42</bold>	<bold>≥43</bold>	<bold>12–30</bold>	<bold>31–36</bold>	<bold>37–42</bold>	<bold>≥43</bold>
BSA, body surface area; LV, left ventricular. <bold>Green values</bold>: Recommended and best validated.

Left Ventricular Function

Reference limits and values and partition values of left ventricular functionASE

	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Linear method
Endocardial fractional shortening, %	27–45	22–26	17–21	≤16	25–43	20–24	15–19	≤14
Midwall fractional shortening, %	15–23	13–14	11–12	≤10	14–22	12–13	10–11	≤10
2D Method
Ejection fraction, %	≥55	45–54	30–44	<30	≥55	45–54	30–44	<30
2D, Two-dimensional. <bold>Green values</bold>: Recommended and best validated.

Right Ventricular and Pulmonary Artery Size

Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular and pulmonary artery sizeASE

	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
RV dimensions
Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm	2.0–2.8	2.9–3.3	3.4–3.8	≥3.9
Mid-RV diameter (RVD 2), cm	2.7–3.3	3.4–3.7	3.8–4.1	≥4.2
Base-to-apex length (RVD 3), cm	7.1–7.9	8.0–8.5	8.6–9.1	≥9.2
RVOT diameters
Above aortic valve (RVOT 1), cm	2.5–2.9	3.0–3.2	3.3–3.5	≥3.6
Above pulmonic valve (RVOT 2), cm	1.7–2.3	2.4–2.7	2.8–3.1	≥3.2
PA diameter
Below pulmonic valve (PA 1), cm	1.5–2.1	2.2–2.5	2.6–2.9	≥3.0
RV, Right ventricular; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; PA, pulmonary artery. Data from Foale et al.Foale

Right Ventricular Size and Function

Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular size and function as measured in the apical 4-chamber viewASE

	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
RV diastolic area, cm2	11–28	29–32	33–37	≥38
RV systolic area, cm2	7.5–16	17–19	20–22	≥23
RV fractional area change, %	32–60	25–31	18–24	≤17
RV, Right ventricular. Data from Weyman.Weyman

Left Atrial Dimensions / Volumes

Reference limits and partition values for left atrial dimensions/volumesASE

	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Atrial dimensions
LA diameter, cm	2.7–3.8	3.9–4.2	4.3–4.6	≥4.7	3.0–4.0	4.1–4.6	4.7–5.2	≥5.2
LA diameter/BSA, cm/m2	1.5–2.3	2.4–2.6	2.7–2.9	≥3.0	1.5–2.3	2.4–2.6	2.7–2.9	≥3.0
RA minor-axis dimension, cm	2.9–4.5	4.6–4.9	5.0–5.4	≥5.5	2.9–4.5	4.6–4.9	5.0–5.4	≥5.5
RA minor-axis dimension/BSA, cm/m2	1.7–2.5	2.6–2.8	2.9–3.1	≥3.2	1.7–2.5	2.6–2.8	2.9–3.1	≥3.2
Atrial area
LA area, cm2	≤20	20–30	30–40	>40	≤20	20–30	30–40	>40
Atrial volumes
LA volume, mL	22–52	53–62	63–72	≥73	18–58	59–68	69–78	≥79
<bold>LA volume/BSA, mL/m2</bold>	<bold>22 ± 6</bold>	<bold>29–33</bold>	<bold>34–39</bold>	<bold>≥40</bold>	<bold>22 ± 6</bold>	<bold>29–33</bold>	<bold>34–39</bold>	<bold>≥40</bold>
BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial; RA, right atrial. <bold>Green values</bold>: Recommended and best validated.

References

<biblio>

1. Foale pmid=3730205
2. Weyman isbn=0812112075
3. ASE pmid=16458610

</bilbio>