Normal Values

Table 4

**Table 4: Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular mass and geometry**
	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Linear Method
LV mass, g	67–162	163–186	187–210	≥211	88–224	225–258	259–292	≥293
*LV mass/BSA, g/m²*	43–95	96–108	109–121	≥122	49–115	116–131	132–148	≥149
LV mass/height, g/m	41–99	100–115	116–128	≥129	52–126	127–144	145–162	≥163
LV mass/height^2,7, g/m^2,7	18–44	45–51	52–58	≥59	20–48	49–55	56–63	≥64
Relative wall thickness, cm	0.22–0.42	0.43–0.47	0.48–0.52	≥0.53	0.24–0.42	0.43–0.46	0.47–0.51	≥0.52
*Septal thickness, cm*	0.6–0.9	1.0–1.2	1.3–1.5	≥1.6	0.6–1.0	1.1–1.3	1.4–1.6	≥1.7
*Posterior wall thickness, cm*	0.6–0.9	1.0–1.2	1.3–1.5	≥1.6	0.6–1.0	1.1–1.3	1.4–1.6	≥1.7
2D Method
LV mass, g	66–150	151–171	172–182	>193	96–200	201–227	228–254	>255
*LV mass/BSA, g/m2*	44–88	89–100	101–112	*≥113*	50–102	103–116	117–130	*≥131*
BSA, Body surface area; LV, left ventricular; 2D, 2-dimensional. Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.

**Table 5 Reference limits and partition values of left ventricular size**
	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
LV dimension
LV diastolic diameter	3.9–5.3	5.4–5.7	5.8–6.1	≥6.2	4.2–5.9	6.0–6.3	6.4–6.8	≥6.9
LV diastolic diameter/BSA, cm/m²	2.4–3.2	3.3–3.4	3.5–3.7	≥3.8	2.2–3.1	3.2–3.4	3.5–3.6	≥3.7
LV diastolic diameter/height, cm/m	2.5–3.2	3.3–3.4	3.5–3.6	≥3.7	2.4–3.3	3.4–3.5	3.6–3.7	≥3.8
LV volume
LV diastolic volume, mL	56–104	105–117	118–130	≥131	67–155	156–178	179–201	≥201
*LV diastolic volume/BSA, mL/m²*	35–75	76–86	87–96	≥97	35–75	76–86	87–96	≥97
LV systolic volume, mL	19–49	50–59	60–69	≥70	22–58	59–70	71–82	≥83
*LV systolic volume/BSA, mL/m²*	12–30	31–36	37–42	≥43	12–30	31–36	37–42	≥43
BSA, body surface area; LV, left ventricular. Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.

**Table 6 Reference limits and values and partition values of left ventricular function**
	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Linear method
Endocardial fractional shortening, %	27–45	22–26	17–21	≤16	25–43	20–24	15–19	≤14
Midwall fractional shortening, %	15–23	13–14	11–12	≤10	14–22	12–13	10–11	≤10
2D Method
Ejection fraction, %	≥55	45–54	30–44	<30	≥55	45–54	30–44	<30
2D, Two-dimensional. Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.

**Table 7 Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular and pulmonary artery size**
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
RV dimensions (Figure 12)
Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm	2.0–2.8	2.9–3.3	3.4–3.8	≥3.9
Mid-RV diameter (RVD 2), cm	2.7–3.3	3.4–3.7	3.8–4.1	≥4.2
Base-to-apex length (RVD 3), cm	7.1–7.9	8.0–8.5	8.6–9.1	≥9.2
RVOT diameters (Figure 13, 14)
Above aortic valve (RVOT 1), cm	2.5–2.9	3.0–3.2	3.3–3.5	≥3.6
Above pulmonic valve (RVOT 2), cm	1.7–2.3	2.4–2.7	2.8–3.1	≥3.2
PA diameter
Below pulmonic valve (PA 1), cm	1.5–2.1	2.2–2.5	2.6–2.9	≥3.0
RV, Right ventricular; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; PA, pulmonary artery. Data from Foale et al.⁷⁶

**Table 8 Reference limits and partition values of right ventricular size and function as measured in the apical 4-chamber view**
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
RV diastolic area, cm²	11–28	29–32	33–37	≥38
RV systolic area, cm²	7.5–16	17–19	20–22	≥23
RV fractional area change, %	32–60	25–31	18–24	≤17
RV, Right ventricular. Data from Weyman.⁸⁰

**Table 9 Reference limits and partition values for left atrial dimensions/volumes**
	Women				Men
	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal	Reference range	Mildly abnormal	Moderately abnormal	Severely abnormal
Atrial dimensions
LA diameter, cm	2.7–3.8	3.9–4.2	4.3–4.6	≥4.7	3.0–4.0	4.1–4.6	4.7–5.2	≥5.2
LA diameter/BSA, cm/m²	1.5–2.3	2.4–2.6	2.7–2.9	≥3.0	1.5–2.3	2.4–2.6	2.7–2.9	≥3.0
RA minor-axis dimension, cm	2.9–4.5	4.6–4.9	5.0–5.4	≥5.5	2.9–4.5	4.6–4.9	5.0–5.4	≥5.5
RA minor-axis dimension/BSA, cm/m²	1.7–2.5	2.6–2.8	2.9–3.1	≥3.2	1.7–2.5	2.6–2.8	2.9–3.1	≥3.2
Atrial area
LA area, cm²	≤20	20–30	30–40	>40	≤20	20–30	30–40	>40
Atrial volumes
LA volume, mL	22–52	53–62	63–72	≥73	18–58	59–68	69–78	≥79
*LA volume/BSA, mL/m2*	22 ± 6	29–33	34–39	≥40	22 ± 6	29–33	34–39	≥40
BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial; RA, right atrial. Bold italic values: Recommended and best validated.