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Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements

**Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements**
Parameter		Mean ± SD (mm)	Range (mm)
	Right pulmonary artery diameter^a	17 ± 3	12-22
	Left upper pulmonary vein diameter	11 ± 2	7-16
Left atrial appendage	Length	28 ± 5	15-43
	Diameter	16 ± 5	10-28
	Superior vena cava diameter	15 ± 3	8-20
	Right ventricular outflow tract diameter^b	27 ± 4	16-36
Left atrium^c	Anteroposterior diameter	38 ± 6	20-52
Left atrium^c	Medial-lateral diameter	39 ± 7	24-52
Right atrium^c	Anteroposterior diameter	38 ± 5	28-52
	Medial-lateral diameter	38 ± 6	29-53
	Tricuspid annular diameter^c	28 ± 5	20-40
	Mitral annular diameter^c	29 ± 4	20-38
	Coronary sinus diameter	6.6 ± 1.5	4-10
Left ventricle^d	Anteroposterior diameter (diastole)	43 ± 7	33-55
	Medial-lateral diameter (diastole)	42 ± 7	23-54
	Anteroposterior diameter (systole)	28 ± 6	18-40
	Medial-lateral diameter (systole)	27 ± 6	18-42
	Aortic root diameter^b	28 ± 3	21-34
Descending thoracic aorta diameter	Proximal	21 ± 4	14-30
Descending thoracic aorta diameter	Distal	20 ± 4	13-28
^aRight pulmonary artery diameter measured in midesophageal ascending aorta short-axis view. ^bAortic root and right ventricular outflow tract diameters measured in the midesophageal right ventricular inflow/outflow tract view. ^cAtrial (end-systole) and both mitral and tricuspid annular (mid-diastole) diameters measured in the midesophageal four-chamber view. ^dLeft ventricular dimensions measured in transgastric mid short-axis view. SD, standard deviation. Adapted from Cohen G, White M, Sochowski R, et al. Reference values for normal transesophageal measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995;8:221-230.

Normal Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve prosthesis

**Normal Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve prosthesis**
Valve	Size	n	Peak gradient (mm Hg)	Mean gradient (mm Hg)	Peak velocity (m/s)	Effective orifice area (cm²)
ATS open pivot AP ATS open pivot (bileaflet)	16	6	47.7 ± 12	27 ± 7.3	3.44 ± 0.47	0.61 ± 0.09
	19	9	47 ± 12.6	26.2 ± 7.9	3.41 ± 0.43	0.96 ± 0.18
	21	15	25.5 ± 6.1	14.4 ± 3.5	2.4 ± 0.39	1.58 ± 0.37
	23	8	19 ± 7	12 ± 4		1.8 ± 0.2
	25	12	17 ± 8	11 ± 4		2.2 ± 0.4
	27	10	14 ± 4	9 ± 2		2.5 ± 0.3
	29	5	11 ± 3	8 ± 2		3.1 ± 0.3
Biocor stentless (stentless bioprosthesis)	21	45	35.97 ± 4.06	18 ± 4
	23	115	29.15 ± 8.28	18.64 ± 7.14	3 ± 0.6	1.4 ± 0.5
	25	100	28.65 ± 6.6	17.72 ± 6.99	2.8 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 0.38
	27	55	25.87 ± 2.81	18 ± 2.8	2.7 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 0.46
	≥29	16	24 ± 2
Biocor extended stentless (stentless bioprosthesis)	19-21	12	17.5 ± 5.8	9.7 ± 3.5		1.3 ± 0.4
	23	18	14.8 ± 5.9	8.1 ± 3.1		1.6 ± 0.3
	25	20	14.2 ± 3.5	7.7 ± 1.9		1.8 ± 0.3
Bioflo pericardial (stented bioprosthesis)	19	16	37.25 ± 8.65	24.15 ± 5.1		0.77 ± 0.11
	21	9	28.7 ± 6.2	18.7 ± 5.5		1.1 ± 0.1
	23	4	20.7 ± 4	125 ± 3		1.3 ± 0.09