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Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements

Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements

Parameter		Mean ± SD (mm)	Range (mm)
	Right pulmonary artery diametera	17 ± 3	12-22
	Left upper pulmonary vein diameter	11 ± 2	7-16
Left atrial appendage	Length	28 ± 5	15-43
	Diameter	16 ± 5	10-28
	Superior vena cava diameter	15 ± 3	8-20
	Right ventricular outflow tract diameterb	27 ± 4	16-36
Left atriumc	Anteroposterior diameter	38 ± 6	20-52
	Medial-lateral diameter	39 ± 7	24-52
Right atriumc	Anteroposterior diameter	38 ± 5	28-52
	Medial-lateral diameter	38 ± 6	29-53
	Tricuspid annular diameterc	28 ± 5	20-40
	Mitral annular diameterc	29 ± 4	20-38
	Coronary sinus diameter	6.6 ± 1.5	4-10
Left ventricled	Anteroposterior diameter (diastole)	43 ± 7	33-55
	Medial-lateral diameter (diastole)	42 ± 7	23-54
	Anteroposterior diameter (systole)	28 ± 6	18-40
	Medial-lateral diameter (systole)	27 ± 6	18-42
	Aortic root diameterb	28 ± 3	21-34
Descending thoracic aorta diameter	Proximal	21 ± 4	14-30
	Distal	20 ± 4	13-28
aRight pulmonary artery diameter measured in midesophageal ascending aorta short-axis view. bAortic root and right ventricular outflow tract diameters measured in the midesophageal right ventricular inflow/outflow tract view. cAtrial (end-systole) and both mitral and tricuspid annular (mid-diastole) diameters measured in the midesophageal four-chamber view. dLeft ventricular dimensions measured in transgastric mid short-axis view. SD, standard deviation. Adapted from Cohen G, White M, Sochowski R, et al. Reference values for normal transesophageal measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995;8:221-230.

Normal Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve prosthesis

Normal Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve prosthesis

Valve	Size	n	Peak gradient (mm Hg)	Mean gradient (mm Hg)	Peak velocity (m/s)	Effective orifice area (cm2)
ATS open pivot AP ATS open pivot (bileaflet)	16	6	47.7 ± 12	27 ± 7.3	3.44 ± 0.47	0.61 ± 0.09
	19	9	47 ± 12.6	26.2 ± 7.9	3.41 ± 0.43	0.96 ± 0.18
	21	15	25.5 ± 6.1	14.4 ± 3.5	2.4 ± 0.39	1.58 ± 0.37
	23	8	19 ± 7	12 ± 4		1.8 ± 0.2
	25	12	17 ± 8	11 ± 4		2.2 ± 0.4
	27	10	14 ± 4	9 ± 2		2.5 ± 0.3
	29	5	11 ± 3	8 ± 2		3.1 ± 0.3
Biocor stentless (stentless bioprosthesis)	21	45	35.97 ± 4.06	18 ± 4
	23	115	29.15 ± 8.28	18.64 ± 7.14	3 ± 0.6	1.4 ± 0.5
	25	100	28.65 ± 6.6	17.72 ± 6.99	2.8 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 0.38
	27	55	25.87 ± 2.81	18 ± 2.8	2.7 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 0.46
	≥29	16	24 ± 2
Biocor extended stentless (stentless bioprosthesis)	19-21	12	17.5 ± 5.8	9.7 ± 3.5		1.3 ± 0.4
	23	18	14.8 ± 5.9	8.1 ± 3.1		1.6 ± 0.3
	25	20	14.2 ± 3.5	7.7 ± 1.9		1.8 ± 0.3
Bioflo pericardial (stented bioprosthesis)	19	16	37.25 ± 8.65	24.15 ± 5.1		0.77 ± 0.11
	21	9	28.7 ± 6.2	18.7 ± 5.5		1.1 ± 0.1
	23	4	20.7 ± 4	125 ± 3		1.3 ± 0.09
Björk-Shiley monostrut (tilting disk)	19	37	46.0	26.67 ± 7.87	3.3 ± 0.6	0.94 ± 0.19
	21	161	32.41 ± 9.73	18.64 ± 6.09	2.9 ± 0.4
	23	153	26.52 ± 9.67	14.5 ± 6.2	2.7 ± 0.5
	25	89	22.33 ± 7	13.3 ± 4.96	2.5 ± 0.4
	27	61	18.31 ± 8	10.41 ± 4.38	2.1 ± 0.4
	29	9	12 ± 8	7.67 ± 4.36	1.9 ± 0.2
Björk-Shiley spherical (tilting disk) or not specified	17	1			4.1
	19	2	27.0	21.8 ± 3.4	3.8	1.1
	21	18	38.94 ± 11.93	17.34 ± 6.86	2.92 ± 0.88	1.1 ± 0.25
	23	41	33.86 ± 11	11.5 ± 4.55	2.42 ± 0.4	1.22 ± 0.23
	25	39	20.39 ± 7.07	10.67 ± 4.31	2.06 ± 0.28	1.8 ± 0.32
	27	23	19.44 ± 7.99		1.77 ± 0.12	2.6
	29	5	21.1 ± 7.1		1.87 ± 0.18	2.52 ± 0.69
	31	2			2.1 ± 0.14
Carbomedics (bileaflet)	17	7	33.4 ± 13.2	20.1 ± 7.1		1.02 ± 0.2
	19	63	33.3 ± 11.19	11.61 ± 5.08	3.09 ± 0.38	1.25 ± 0.36
	21	111	26.31 ± 10.25	12.68 ± 4.29	2.61 ± 0.51	1.42 ± 0.36
	23	120	24.61 ± 6.93	11.33 ± 3.8	2.42 ± 0.37	1.69 ± 0.29
	25	103	20.25 ± 8.69	9.34 ± 4.65	2.25 ± 0.34	2.04 ± 0.37
	27	57	19.05 ± 7.04	8.41 ± 2.83	2.18 ± 0.36	2.55 ± 0.34
	29	6	12.53 ± 4.69	5.8 ± 3.2	1.93 ± 0.25	2.63 ± 0.38
Carbomedics reduced (bileaflet)	19	10	43.4 ± 1.8	24.4 ± 1.2		1.22 ± 0.08
Carbomedics supraannular top hat (bileaflet)	19	4	29.04 ± 10.1	19.5 ± 2.12	1.8	1 ± 0.18
	21	30	29.61 ± 8.93	16.59 ± 5.79	2.62 ± 0.35	1.18 ± 0.33
	23	30	24.38 ± 7.53	13.29 ± 3.73	2.36 ± 0.55	1.37 ± 0.37
	25	1	22.0	11.0	2.4
Carpentier-Edwards (stented bioprosthesis)	19	56	43.48 ± 12.72	25.6 ± 8.02		0.85 ± 0.17
	21	73	27.73 ± 7.6	17.25 ± 6.24	2.37 ± 0.54	1.48 ± 0.3
	23	100	28.93 ± 7.49	15.92 ± 6.43	2.76 ± 0.4	1.69 ± 0.45
	25	85	23.95 ± 7.05	12.76 ± 4.43	2.38 ± 0.47	1.94 ± 0.45
	27	50	22.14 ± 8.24	12.33 ± 5.59	2.31 ± 0.39	2.25 ± 0.55
	29	24	22.0	9.92 ± 2.9	2.44 ± 0.43	2.84 ± 0.51
	31	4			2.41 ± 0.13
Carpentier-Edwards pericardial (stented prosthesis)	19	14	32.13 ± 3.35	24.19 ± 8.6	2.83 ± 0.14	1.21 ± 0.31
	21	34	25.69 ± 9.9	20.3 ± 9.08	2.59 ± 0.42	1.47 ± 0.36
	23	20	21.72 ± 8.57	13.01 ± 5.27	2.29 ± 0.45	1.75 ± 0.28
	25	5	16.46 ± 5.41	9.04 ± 2.27	2.02 ± 0.31
	27	1	19.2	5.6	1.6
	29	1	17.6	11.6	2.1
Carpentier-Edwards supraannular AV (stented bioprosthesis)	19	15	34.1 ± 2.7		1.1 ± 0.09
	21	8	25 ± 8	14 ± 5		1.06 ± 0.16
CryoLife O'Brien stentless (stentless prothesis)	19	47		12 ± 4.8		1.25 ± 0.1
	21	163		10.33 ± 2		1.57 ± 0.6
	23	40		8.5		2.2
	25	40		7.9		2.3
	27	39		7.4		2.7
Duromedics (Tekna; bileaflet)	19	1			3.6
	21	3	19.08 ± 16	8.98 ± 5		1.3
	23	12	19.87 ± 7	7 ± 2	2.64 ± 0.27
	25	18	21 ± 9	5 ± 2	2.34 ± 0.38
	27	15	22.5 ± 12	6 ± 3	1.88 ± 0.6
	29	1	13.0	3.4	2.1
Edwards Prima stentless (stentless bioprosthesis)	19	7	30.9 ± 11.7	15.4 ± 7.4		1 ± 0.3
	21	30	31.22 ± 17.35	16.36 ± 11.36		1.25 ± 0.29
	23	62	23.39 ± 10.17	11.52 ± 5.26	2.8 ± 0.4	1.49 ± 0.46
	25	97	19.74 ± 10.36	10.77 ± 9.32	2.7 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 0.55
	27	46	15.9 ± 7.3	7.1 ± 3.7		2 ± 0.6
	29	11	11.21 ± 8.6	5.03 ± 4.53		2.49 ± 0.52
Hancock I (stented bioprosthesis)	21	1			3.5
	23	14	19.09 ± 4.35	12.36 ± 3.82	2.94 ± 0.24
	25	26	17.61 ± 3.13	11 ± 2.85	2.36 ± 0.37
	27	20	18.11 ± 6.92	10 ± 3.46	2.4 ± 0.36
	29	2			2.23 ± 0.04
	31	1			2.0