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==Biological prosthetic valves==
==Biological prosthetic valves==


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="800px"
|-
|-
|+ Normal values for Biological Aortic Valve Prosthesis
|+ Normal values for Biological Aortic Valve Prosthesis<cite>1</cite>
|-
|-
!Valve  
!Valve  
Line 10: Line 10:
!Peak gradient (mmHg)  
!Peak gradient (mmHg)  
!Mean gradient (mmHg)  
!Mean gradient (mmHg)  
!EOA (cm <sub>2</sub>)
!EOA (cm2)
|-
|-
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Baxter Perimount  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Baxter Perimount  
Line 122: Line 122:
|2.8 ± 0.5
|2.8 ± 0.5
|-
|-
|Carpentier Supra - Annular  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Carpentier Supra - Annular  
|Stented porcine  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Stented porcine  
|19  
|19  
|34.1 ± 2.7  
|34.1 ± 2.7  
|
|1.1 ± 0.1
|1.1 ± 0.1
|-
|-
Line 148: Line 149:
|1.9 ± 0.7
|1.9 ± 0.7
|-
|-
|CryoLife  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|CryoLife  
|Stentless  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Stentless  
|19  
|19  
|
|9.0 ± 2.0  
|9.0 ± 2.0  
|1.5 ± 0.3
|1.5 ± 0.3
|-
|-
|21  
|21  
|
|6.6 ± 2.9  
|6.6 ± 2.9  
|1.7 ± 0.4
|1.7 ± 0.4
|-
|-
|23  
|23  
|
|6.0 ± 2.3  
|6.0 ± 2.3  
|2.3 ± 0.2
|2.3 ± 0.2
|-
|-
|25  
|25  
|
|6.1 ± 2.6  
|6.1 ± 2.6  
|2.6 ± 0.2
|2.6 ± 0.2
|-
|-
|27  
|27  
|
|4.0 ± 2.4  
|4.0 ± 2.4  
|2.8 ± 0.3
|2.8 ± 0.3
|-
|-
|Extended Biocor  
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Extended Biocor  
|Stentless  
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stentless  
|19
|19
|17.5 ± 6.5  
|17.5 ± 6.5  
Line 192: Line 198:
|1.8 ± 0.4
|1.8 ± 0.4
|-
|-
|Hancock  
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Hancock  
|Stented porcine  
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Stented porcine  
|21  
|21  
|18.0 ± 6.0  
|18.0 ± 6.0  
|12.0 ± 2.0
|12.0 ± 2.0
|
|-
|-
|23  
|23  
|16.0 ± 2.0  
|16.0 ± 2.0  
|11.0 ± 2.0
|11.0 ± 2.0
|
|-
|-
|25  
|25  
|15.0 ± 3.0  
|15.0 ± 3.0  
|10.0 ± 3.0
|10.0 ± 3.0
|
|-
|-
|Hancock II  
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Hancock II  
|Stented porcine  
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented porcine  
|21  
|21  
|
|14.8 ± 4.1  
|14.8 ± 4.1  
|1.3 ± 0.4
|1.3 ± 0.4
Line 234: Line 244:
|?
|?
|-
|-
|Intact  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Intact  
|Stented porcine  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Stented porcine  
|19  
|19  
|40.4 ± 15.4  
|40.4 ± 15.4  
|24.5 ± 9.3
|24.5 ± 9.3
|
|-
|-
|21  
|21  
Line 258: Line 269:
|25.0 ± 7.6  
|25.0 ± 7.6  
|15.0 ± 4.5
|15.0 ± 4.5
|
|-
|-
|Ionescu - Shiley  
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Ionescu - Shiley  
|Stented bovine pericardial
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bovine pericardial
|17  
|17  
|23.8 ± 3.4  
|23.8 ± 3.4  
Line 281: Line 293:
|
|
|-
|-
|Labcor Santiago
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Labcor Santiago
|Stented bovine pericardial
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bovine pericardial
|19  
|19  
|18.6 ± 5.0  
|18.6 ± 5.0  
Line 303: Line 315:
|2.1 ± 0.3
|2.1 ± 0.3
|-
|-
|Labcor Synergy  
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Labcor Synergy  
|Stented porcine  
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented porcine  
|21  
|21  
|24.3 ± 8.1  
|24.3 ± 8.1  
Line 325: Line 337:
|1.8 ± 0.5
|1.8 ± 0.5
|-
|-
|Medtronic Freestyle  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Medtronic Freestyle  
|Stentless  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Stentless  
|19  
|19  
|
|
Line 352: Line 364:
|2.5 ± 0.1
|2.5 ± 0.1
|-
|-
|Medtronic Mosaic  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Medtronic Mosaic  
|Stented porcine  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Stented porcine  
|21  
|21  
|
|14.2 ± 5.0  
|14.2 ± 5.0  
|1.4 ± 0.4
|1.4 ± 0.4
Line 369: Line 382:
|-
|-
|27  
|27  
|
|10.4 ± 4.3  
|10.4 ± 4.3  
|1.9 ± 0.1
|1.9 ± 0.1
|-
|-
|29  
|29  
|
|11.1 ± 4.3  
|11.1 ± 4.3  
|2.1 ± 0.2
|2.1 ± 0.2
Line 383: Line 398:
|1.1 ± 0.2
|1.1 ± 0.2
|-
|-
|Prima  
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Prima  
|Stentless  
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Stentless  
|21  
|21  
|28.8 ± 6.0  
|28.8 ± 6.0  
Line 400: Line 415:
|1.8 ± 0.5
|1.8 ± 0.5
|-
|-
|Sorin Pericarbon  
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Sorin Pericarbon  
|Stentless  
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Stentless  
|19  
|19  
|36.5 ± 9.0  
|36.5 ± 9.0  
Line 417: Line 432:
|1.5 ± 0.5
|1.5 ± 0.5
|-
|-
|St. Jude Medical  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|St. Jude Medical  
|Stentless  
|rowspan="5" valign="top"|Stentless  
|21  
|21  
|22.6 ± 14.5  
|22.6 ± 14.5  
Line 445: Line 460:
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="800px"
|-
|+ Normal values for Biological Mitral Valve Prosthesis<cite>1</cite>
|-
!Valve
!Type
!Size (mm)
!Peak gradient (mmHg)
!Mean gradient (mmHg)
!Peak Velocity (m/s)
!Pressure half-time (ms)
!width="100px"|EOA (cm2)
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Biocor
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stentless bioprosthesis
|27
|13 ± 1
|
|
|
|
|-
|29
|14 ± 2.5
|
|
|
|
|-
|31
|11.5 ± 0.5
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|12 ± 0.5
|
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Bioflo pericardial
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
|25
|10 ± 2
|6.3 ± 1.5
|
|
|2 ± 0.1
|-
|27
|9.5 ± 2.6
|5.4 ± 1.2
|
|
|2 ± 0.3
|-
|29 
|5 ± 2.8 
|3.6 ± 1
|
|
|2.4 ± 0.2
|-
|31
|4.0
|2.0
|
|
|2.3
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Carpentier - Edwards
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
|27
|
|6 ± 2 
|1.7 ± 0.3 
|98 ± 28
|
|-
|29
| 
|4.7 ± 2
|1.76 ± 0.27
|92 ± 14
|
|-
|31
|
|4.4 ± 2
|1.54 ± 0.15
|92 ± 19
|
|-
|33
|
|6 ± 3
|
|93 ± 12
|
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Carpentier - Edwards pericardial
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented Bioprosthesis
|27
|
|3.6
|1.6
|100
|
|-
|29
|
|5.25 ± 2.36
|1.67 ± 0.3
|110 ± 15
|
|-
|31
|
|4.05 ± 0.83
|1.53 ± 0.1
|90 ± 11
|
|-
|23
|
|1.0
|0.8
|80
|
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Hancock I (or NOS)
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
|27
|10 ± 4
|5 ± 2
|
|
|1.3 ± 0.8
|-
|29
|7 ± 3
|2:46 ± 0.79
|
|115 ± 20
|1.5 ± 0.2
|-
|31
|4 ± 0.86
|4.86 ± 1.69
|
|95 ± 17
|1.6 ± 0.2
|-
|33
|3 ± 2
|3.87 ± 2
|
|90 ± 12
|1.9 ± 0.2
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Hancock II
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
|27
|
|
|
|
|2.21 ± 0.14
|-
|29
|
|
|
|
|2.77 ± 0.11
|-
|31
|
|
|
|
|2.84 ± 0.1
|-
|33
|
|
|
|
|3.15 ± 0.22
|-
|rowspan="2" valign="top"|Hancock pericardial
|rowspan="2" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
|29
|
|2.61 ± 1:39
|1:42 ± 0:14
|105 ± 36
|
|-
|31
|
|3.57 ± 1.02
|1.51 ± 0.27
|81 ± 23
|
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Ionescu - Shiley
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
|25
|
|4.87 ± 1.08
|1.43 ± 0.15
|93 ± 11
|
|-
|27
|
|3.21 ± 0.82
|1.31 ± 0.24
|100 ± 28
|
|-
|29
|
|3.22 ± 0.57
|1.38 ± 0.2
|85 ± 8
|
|-
|31
|
|3.63 ± 0.9
|1.45 ± 0.06
|100 ± 36
|
|-
|rowspan="2" valign="top"|Ionescu - Shiley low profile
|rowspan="2" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
|29
|
|3.31 ± 0.96
|1.36 ± 0.25
|80 ± 30
|
|-
|31
|
|2.74 ± 0.37
|1.33 ± 0.14
|79 ± 15
|
|-
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Labcor-Santiago pericardial
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
|25
|8.7
|4.5
|
|97
|2.2
|-
|27
|5.6 ± 2.3
|2.8 ± 1.5
|
|85 ± 18
|2.12 ± 0.48
|-
|-
|+ Normal Values ​​biological Mitralisklepprothese
|29
|6.2 ± 2.1
|3 ± 1.3
|
|80 ± 34
|2.11 ± 0.73
|-
|-
|Valve Type Size ( mm) Peak gradient (mmHg) Mean gradient (mmHg) Peak Velocity ( m / s) Pressure half-time (ms ) EOA (cm2)
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Medtronic Intact Porcine
Biocor Stentless bioprosthesis 27 13 ± 1
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis  
29 14 ± 2.5
|29
31 11.5 ± 0.5
|
33 12 ± 0.5
|3.5 ± 0.51
Stented pericardial bioprosthesis BioFlo 25 10 ± 2 6.3 ± 1.5 0.1 ± 2
|1.6 ± 0.22
27 9.5 ± 2.6 5.4 ± 1.2 2 ± 0.3
|
29 5 ± 2.8 3.6 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 1
|
31 4.0 2.0 2.3
|-
Carpentier - Edwards stented bioprosthesis 27 6 ± 2 1.7 ± 0.3 98 ± 28
|31
29 4.7 2 ± 1.76 ± 92 ± 14 12:27
|
4.4 31 ± 2 92 ± 1:54 ± 0:15 19
|4.2 ± 1.44
6 33 ± 3 93 ± 12
|1.6 ± 0.26
Carpentier - Edwards pericardial stented Bioprosthesis 27 3.6 1.6 100
|
29 5:25 2:36 ± 1.67 ± 0.3 110 ± 15
|
31 4:05 1:53 ± 0.83 ± 0.1 90 ± 11
|-
23 1.0 0.8 80
|33
Hancock I ( or NOS ) stented bioprosthesis 27 10 ± 4 5 ± 2 1.3 ± 0.8
|
29 7 ± 3 2:46 ± 0.79 115 ± 20 1.5 ± 0.2
|4 ± 1.3
31 4 ± 0.86 4.86 ± 1.69 95 ± 17 1.6 ± 0.2
|1.4 ± 0.24
33 3 2 ± 3.87 ± 2 90 ± 12 1.9 ± 0.2
|
Hancock II stented bioprosthesis 27 2:21 ± 0:14
|
29 2.77 ± 0:11
|-
31 2.84 ± 0.1
|35
33 3:15 ± 0:22
|
Hancock pericardial stented bioprosthesis 29 2.61 ± 1:39 1:42 ± 0:14 105 ± 36
|3.2 ± 1.77
31 3:57 1:02 1:51 ± 0:27 ± 81 ± 23
|1.3 ± 0.5
Ionescu - Shiley stented bioprosthesis 25 4.87 ± 1.43 ± 1:08 ± 0:15 93 11
|
27 3:21 1:31 ± 0:24 ± 0.82 100 ± 28
|
29 3:22 0:57 ± 1:38 ± 0.2 85 ± 8
|-
31 ± 0.9 1.45 ± 3.63 100 ± 36 00:06
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Mitroflow
Ionescu - Shiley low profile stented bioprosthesis 29 3:31 1:36 ± 0.96 ± 0.25 80 ± 30
|rowspan="4" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis
31 2.74 ± 0:37 1:33 ± 0:14 ± 79 15
|25  
Stented pericardial bioprosthesis Labcor - Santiago 25 8.7 4.5 97 2.2
|
27 5.6 ± 2.3 2.8 ± 1.5 85 ± 18 ± 2:12 0:48
|6.9  
29 ± 6.2 2.1 ± 1.3 80 ± 3 34 ± 0.73 2:11
|2.0  
Medtronic Intact Porcine stented bioprosthesis 29 3.5 ± 1.6 ± 0:51 0:22
|90
31 ± 4.2 1.6 ± 1:44 0:26
|
33 4 ± 1.3 1.4 ± 0:24
|-
35 3.2 ± 1.77 1.3 ± 0.5
|27  
Stented bioprosthesis Mitroflow 25 6.9 2.0 90
|
27 3:07 0.91 ± 1.5 90 ± 20
|3.07 ± 0.91
29 ± 3.5 1.43 ± 1.65 102 ± 21 12:29
|1.5
31 3.85 ± 0.81 91 ± 1:32 ± 0:26 22
|90 ± 20
Stentless quadrileaflet bovine pericardial bioprosthesis Stentless 26 2.2 1.7 ± 1.6 103 ± 31 1.7
|
28 1:58 ± 0.25 1.7 ± 0.6
|-
30 1:42 0:32 ± 2.3 ± 0.4
|29  
Wessex stented bioprosthesis 29 3.69 ± 0.61 1.66 ± 83 ± 19 00:17
|
31 3:31 1:41 ± 0.83 ± 0.25 80 ± 21
|3.5 ± 1.65
|1.43 ± 0.29
|102 ± 21
|
|-
|31
|
|3.85 ± 0.81
|1.32 ± 0.26
|91 ± 22
|
|-
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Stentless quadrileaflet bovine pericardial
|rowspan="3" valign="top"|Stentless bioprosthesis
|26  
|
|2.2 ± 1.7
|1.6
|103 ± 31
|1.7
|-
|28  
|
|
|1:58 ± 0.25  
|
|1.7 ± 0.6
|-
|30  
|
|
|1.42 ± 0.32
|
|2.3 ± 0.4
|-
|rowspan="2" valign="top"|Wessex  
|rowspan="2" valign="top"|Stented bioprosthesis  
|29
|
|3.69 ± 0.61
|1.66 ± 0.17
|83 ± 19
|
|-
|31  
|
|3.31 ± 0.83
|1.41 ± 0.25
|80 ± 21
|
|}
|}


Related valve dysfunction in bioprostheses
==Related valve dysfunction in bioprostheses==
In Stentless bioprosthesis proximal joint of the prosthesis may loosen , causing blood between aortic wall and valve can come . When valve thrombosis there arises an increase in the gradient and an increase in the back flow ( leakage ) due to the larger mass, to enable the valve closes slowly.
 
In Stentless bioprosthesis proximal joint of the prosthesis may loosen , causing blood between aortic wall and valve can come . When valve thrombosis there arises an increase in the gradient and an increase in the back flow (leakage) due to the larger mass, to enable the valve closes slowly.


==References==
==References==
Nilofer
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