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==Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements==
Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements. Adapted  from Perrino et al.<cite>Perrino</cite>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"


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<li><sup>d</sup>Left ventricular dimensions measured in transgastric mid short-axis view.</li>
<li><sup>d</sup>Left ventricular dimensions measured in transgastric mid short-axis view.</li>
<li>SD, standard deviation.</li>
<li>SD, standard deviation.</li>
<li>Adapted from Cohen G, White M, Sochowski R, et al. Reference values for normal transesophageal measurements. <em>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</em> 1995;8:221-230.</li>
<li>Adapted from Cohen et al. <cite>Cohen</cite></li>
</ul>
</ul>
|}
|}
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<!-- TABLE 3 -->
<!-- TABLE 3 -->


==Transesophageal Echocardiographic Anatomy==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+'''Transesophageal Echocardiographic Anatomy'''
! ME two-chamber
| Probe adjustment: neutral
| Sector depth: ~14 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>LA appendage</li>
      <li>Mass/thrombus</li>
      <li>LV apex pathology</li>
      <li>LV systolic dysfunction (apical segments)</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>LA appendage</li>
      <li>Mitral valve</li>
      <li>LV apex (i.e., maximal LV length)</li>
  </ul>
|-
! ME LAX
| Probe adjustment: neutral
| Sector depth: ~12 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>Mitral valve pathology</li>
      <li>LVOT pathology</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>LV</li>
      <li>Mitral valve</li>
      <li>LVOT</li>
  </ul>
|-
! ME mitral commissural
| Probe adjustment: neutral
| Sector depth: ~12 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>Localization of mitral valve pathology</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>Mitral valve (P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>3</sub> and A<sub>2</sub> scallops)</li>
      <li>Papillary muscles/chordae tendineae</li>
      <li>LA</li>
      <li>LV</li>
  </ul>
|-
! TG mid-SAX
| Probe adjustment: neutral
| Sector depth: ~12 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>Hemodynamic instability</li>
      <li>LV enlargement</li>
      <li>LV hypertrophy</li>
      <li>LV systolic dysfunction (global and regional)</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>LV cavity</li>
      <li>LV walls (at least 50% of circumference with visible endocardium)</li>
      <li>Papillary muscles (approximately equal in size and distinct from ventricular wall)</li>
  </ul>
|-
! TG two-chamber
| Probe adjustment: neutral
| Sector depth: ~12 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>LV systolic dysfunction (anterior and inferior basal segments)</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>Mitral leaflets</li>
      <li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li>
      <li>LV (anterior and inferior: basal plus mild segments)</li>
  </ul>
|-
! TG RV inflow
| Probe adjustment: neutral-rightward
| Sector depth: ~12 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>RV systolic dysfunction</li>
      <li>Tricuspid valve pathology</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>Tricuspid leaflets</li>
      <li>Tricuspid subvalvular apparatus</li>
  </ul>
|-
! TG RV inflow-outflow
| Probe adjustment: neutral-rightward
| Sector depth: ~14 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>RV systolic dysfunction</li>
      <li>RVOT pathology</li>
      <li>Pulmonary artery pathology</li>
      <li>Pulmonic valve evaluation</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>RA</li>
      <li>RV</li>
      <li>Main pulmonary artery</li>
      <li>Pulmonic valve</li>
  </ul>
|-
! TG basal SAX
| Probe adjustment: neutral
| Sector depth: ~12 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>LV systolic dysfunction (basal segments)</li>
      <li>Mitral valve pathology</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>Mitral leaflets</li>
      <li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li>
      <li>LV (basal segments)</li>
  </ul>
|-
! TG LAX
| Probe adjustment: neutral-leftward
| Sector depth: ~12 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>LV systolic dysfunction (anteroseptal and posterior: basal segments)</li>
      <li>Doppler evaluation of aortic valve</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>Mitral leaflets</li>
      <li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li>
      <li>LV (anteroseptal and posterior: basal plus midsegments)</li>
      <li>Aortic valve</li>
  </ul>
|-
! Deep TG LAX
| Probe adjustment: neutral
| Sector depth: ~16 cm
|-
| image
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues
  <ul>
      <li>Aortic valve pathology</li>
      <li>LVOT pathology</li>
      <li>Doppler evaluation of aortic valve</li>
  </ul>
| valign="top" | Required structures
  <ul>
      <li>LV</li>
      <li>Aortic valve</li>
      <li>Aorta</li>
  </ul>
|-
| colspan="3" |
<ul>
<li>ME, midesophageal; Asc, ascending; SAX, short axis; LAX, long axis; UE, upper esophageal; Desc, descending; AV, aortic valve; RV, right ventricular; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; RA, right atrium; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricular; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; TG, transgastric.</li>
<li>Modified from Miller JP, Lambert SA, Shapiro WA, et al. The adequacy of basic intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography performed by experienced anesthesiologist. <em>Anesth Analg</em> 2001;92:1103&ndash;1110, with permission.</li>
</ul>
|}
==Positions of measurements==
==Positions of measurements==
<gallery>
<gallery>
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File:fig009.svg
File:fig009.svg
</gallery>
</gallery>
==References==
<biblio>
#Perrino isbn=0781773296
#Cohen pmid=7640014
</biblio>
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