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[[File:continuity_equation.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | [[File:continuity_equation.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | ||
[[File:TEE_views.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:fig001.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | [[File:fig001.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | ||
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|file_name=MM0100 | |file_name=MM0100 | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{clr}} | |||
<!-- TABLE 1 --> | |||
==Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements== | ==Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements== | ||
{| | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" | ||
|+'''Reference values for normal adult TEE measurements''' | |||
!Parameter | !Parameter | ||
! | ! | ||
!Mean SD (mm) | !Mean ± SD (mm) | ||
!Range (mm) | !Range (mm) | ||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | | |||
| Right pulmonary artery diameter<sup>a</sup> | |||
| align="center" | 17 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 12-22 | |||
|- | |||
| Left upper pulmonary vein diameter | |||
| align="center" | 11 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 7-16 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Left atrial appendage | |||
| Length | |||
| align="center" | 28 ± 5 | |||
| align="center" | 15-43 | |||
|- | |||
| Diameter | |||
| align="center" | 16 ± 5 | |||
| align="center" | 10-28 | |||
|- | |||
| Superior vena cava diameter | |||
| align="center" | 15 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 8-20 | |||
|- | |||
| Right ventricular outflow tract diameter<sup>b</sup> | |||
| align="center" | 27 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 16-36 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Left atrium<sup>c</sup> | |||
| Anteroposterior diameter | |||
| align="center" | 38 ± 6 | |||
| align="center" | 20-52 | |||
|- | |||
| Medial-lateral diameter | |||
| align="center" | 39 ± 7 | |||
| align="center" | 24-52 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Right atrium<sup>c</sup> | |||
| Anteroposterior diameter | |||
| align="center" | 38 ± 5 | |||
| align="center" | 28-52 | |||
|- | |||
| Medial-lateral diameter | |||
| align="center" | 38 ± 6 | |||
| align="center" | 29-53 | |||
|- | |||
| Tricuspid annular diameter<sup>c</sup> | |||
| align="center" | 28 ± 5 | |||
| align="center" | 20-40 | |||
|- | |||
| Mitral annular diameter<sup>c</sup> | |||
| align="center" | 29 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 20-38 | |||
|- | |||
| Coronary sinus diameter | |||
| align="center" | 6.6 ± 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | 4-10 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Left ventricle<sup>d</sup> | |||
| Anteroposterior diameter (diastole) | |||
| align="center" | 43 ± 7 | |||
| align="center" | 33-55 | |||
|- | |||
| Medial-lateral diameter (diastole) | |||
| align="center" | 42 ± 7 | |||
| align="center" | 23-54 | |||
|- | |||
| Anteroposterior diameter (systole) | |||
| align="center" | 28 ± 6 | |||
| align="center" | 18-40 | |||
|- | |||
| Medial-lateral diameter (systole) | |||
| align="center" | 27 ± 6 | |||
| align="center" | 18-42 | |||
|- | |||
| Aortic root diameter<sup>b</sup> | |||
| align="center" | 28 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 21-34 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Descending thoracic aorta diameter | |||
| Proximal | |||
| align="center" | 21 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 14-30 | |||
|- | |||
| Distal | |||
| align="center" | 20 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 13-28 | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" | | |||
<ul> | |||
<li><sup>a</sup>Right pulmonary artery diameter measured in midesophageal ascending aorta short-axis view.</li> | |||
<li><sup>b</sup>Aortic root and right ventricular outflow tract diameters measured in the midesophageal right ventricular inflow/outflow tract view.</li> | |||
<li><sup>c</sup>Atrial (end-systole) and both mitral and tricuspid annular (mid-diastole) diameters measured in the midesophageal four-chamber view.</li> | |||
<li><sup>d</sup>Left ventricular dimensions measured in transgastric mid short-axis view.</li> | |||
<li>SD, standard deviation.</li> | |||
<li>Adapted from Cohen G, White M, Sochowski R, et al. Reference values for normal transesophageal measurements. <em>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</em> 1995;8:221-230.</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|} | |} | ||
<!-- TABLE 3 --> | |||
==Normal Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve prosthesis== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" | |||
|+'''Normal Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve prosthesis''' | |||
! style="width:200px" | Valve | |||
! style="width:50px" | Size | |||
! style="width:50px" | <em>n</em> | |||
! style="width:100px" | Peak gradient<br/>(mm Hg) | |||
! style="width:100px" | Mean gradient<br/>(mm Hg) | |||
! style="width:100px" | Peak velocity<br/>(m/s) | |||
! style="width:100px" | Effective orifice area<br/>(cm<sup>2</sup>) | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="7" | ATS open pivot AP ATS open pivot (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | 47.7 ± 12 | |||
| align="center" | 27 ± 7.3 | |||
| align="center" | 3.44 ± 0.47 | |||
| align="center" | 0.61 ± 0.09 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | 47 ± 12.6 | |||
| align="center" | 26.2 ± 7.9 | |||
| align="center" | 3.41 ± 0.43 | |||
| align="center" | 0.96 ± 0.18 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 15 | |||
| align="center" | 25.5 ± 6.1 | |||
| align="center" | 14.4 ± 3.5 | |||
| align="center" | 2.4 ± 0.39 | |||
| align="center" | 1.58 ± 0.37 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 19 ± 7 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 12 | |||
| align="center" | 17 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | 11 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 10 | |||
| align="center" | 14 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 9 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 0.3 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 11 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 8 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.1 ± 0.3 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Biocor stentless (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 45 | |||
| align="center" | 35.97 ± 4.06 | |||
| align="center" | 18 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 115 | |||
| align="center" | 29.15 ± 8.28 | |||
| align="center" | 18.64 ± 7.14 | |||
| align="center" | 3 ± 0.6 | |||
| align="center" | 1.4 ± 0.5 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 100 | |||
| align="center" | 28.65 ± 6.6 | |||
| align="center" | 17.72 ± 6.99 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.38 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 55 | |||
| align="center" | 25.87 ± 2.81 | |||
| align="center" | 18 ± 2.8 | |||
| align="center" | 2.7 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.46 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | ≥29 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 24 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Biocor extended stentless (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19–21 | |||
| align="center" | 12 | |||
| align="center" | 17.5 ± 5.8 | |||
| align="center" | 9.7 ± 3.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 18 | |||
| align="center" | 14.8 ± 5.9 | |||
| align="center" | 8.1 ± 3.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.3 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 14.2 ± 3.5 | |||
| align="center" | 7.7 ± 1.9 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 ± 0.3 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Bioflo pericardial (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 37.25 ± 8.65 | |||
| align="center" | 24.15 ± 5.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 0.77 ± 0.11 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | 28.7 ± 6.2 | |||
| align="center" | 18.7 ± 5.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.1 ± 0.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | 20.7 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 125 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 ± 0.09 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Björk-Shiley monostrut (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 37 | |||
| align="center" | 46.0 | |||
| align="center" | 26.67 ± 7.87 | |||
| align="center" | 3.3 ± 0.6 | |||
| align="center" | 0.94 ± 0.19 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 161 | |||
| align="center" | 32.41 ± 9.73 | |||
| align="center" | 18.64 ± 6.09 | |||
| align="center" | 2.9 ± 0.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 153 | |||
| align="center" | 26.52 ± 9.67 | |||
| align="center" | 14.5 ± 6.2 | |||
| align="center" | 2.7 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 89 | |||
| align="center" | 22.33 ± 7 | |||
| align="center" | 13.3 ± 4.96 | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 0.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 61 | |||
| align="center" | 18.31 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | 10.41 ± 4.38 | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 ± 0.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | 7.67 ± 4.36 | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="8" | Björk-Shiley spherical (tilting disk) or not specified | |||
| align="center" | 17 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | 27.0 | |||
| align="center" | 21.8 ± 3.4 | |||
| align="center" | 3.8 | |||
| align="center" | 1.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 18 | |||
| align="center" | 38.94 ± 11.93 | |||
| align="center" | 17.34 ± 6.86 | |||
| align="center" | 2.92 ± 0.88 | |||
| align="center" | 1.1 ± 0.25 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 41 | |||
| align="center" | 33.86 ± 11 | |||
| align="center" | 11.5 ± 4.55 | |||
| align="center" | 2.42 ± 0.4 | |||
| align="center" | 1.22 ± 0.23 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 39 | |||
| align="center" | 20.39 ± 7.07 | |||
| align="center" | 10.67 ± 4.31 | |||
| align="center" | 2.06 ± 0.28 | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 ± 0.32 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 19.44 ± 7.99 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.77 ± 0.12 | |||
| align="center" | 2.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 21.1 ± 7.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.87 ± 0.18 | |||
| align="center" | 2.52 ± 0.69 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 ± 0.14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="7" | Carbomedics (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 17 | |||
| align="center" | 7 | |||
| align="center" | 33.4 ± 13.2 | |||
| align="center" | 20.1 ± 7.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.02 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 63 | |||
| align="center" | 33.3 ± 11.19 | |||
| align="center" | 11.61 ± 5.08 | |||
| align="center" | 3.09 ± 0.38 | |||
| align="center" | 1.25 ± 0.36 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 111 | |||
| align="center" | 26.31 ± 10.25 | |||
| align="center" | 12.68 ± 4.29 | |||
| align="center" | 2.61 ± 0.51 | |||
| align="center" | 1.42 ± 0.36 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 120 | |||
| align="center" | 24.61 ± 6.93 | |||
| align="center" | 11.33 ± 3.8 | |||
| align="center" | 2.42 ± 0.37 | |||
| align="center" | 1.69 ± 0.29 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 103 | |||
| align="center" | 20.25 ± 8.69 | |||
| align="center" | 9.34 ± 4.65 | |||
| align="center" | 2.25 ± 0.34 | |||
| align="center" | 2.04 ± 0.37 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 57 | |||
| align="center" | 19.05 ± 7.04 | |||
| align="center" | 8.41 ± 2.83 | |||
| align="center" | 2.18 ± 0.36 | |||
| align="center" | 2.55 ± 0.34 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | 12.53 ± 4.69 | |||
| align="center" | 5.8 ± 3.2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.93 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 2.63 ± 0.38 | |||
|- | |||
| Carbomedics reduced (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 10 | |||
| align="center" | 43.4 ± 1.8 | |||
| align="center" | 24.4 ± 1.2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.22 ± 0.08 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Carbomedics supraannular top hat (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | 29.04 ± 10.1 | |||
| align="center" | 19.5 ± 2.12 | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 | |||
| align="center" | 1 ± 0.18 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 29.61 ± 8.93 | |||
| align="center" | 16.59 ± 5.79 | |||
| align="center" | 2.62 ± 0.35 | |||
| align="center" | 1.18 ± 0.33 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 24.38 ± 7.53 | |||
| align="center" | 13.29 ± 3.73 | |||
| align="center" | 2.36 ± 0.55 | |||
| align="center" | 1.37 ± 0.37 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 22.0 | |||
| align="center" | 11.0 | |||
| align="center" | 2.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="7" | Carpentier-Edwards (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 56 | |||
| align="center" | 43.48 ± 12.72 | |||
| align="center" | 25.6 ± 8.02 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 0.85 ± 0.17 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 73 | |||
| align="center" | 27.73 ± 7.6 | |||
| align="center" | 17.25 ± 6.24 | |||
| align="center" | 2.37 ± 0.54 | |||
| align="center" | 1.48 ± 0.3 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 100 | |||
| align="center" | 28.93 ± 7.49 | |||
| align="center" | 15.92 ± 6.43 | |||
| align="center" | 2.76 ± 0.4 | |||
| align="center" | 1.69 ± 0.45 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 85 | |||
| align="center" | 23.95 ± 7.05 | |||
| align="center" | 12.76 ± 4.43 | |||
| align="center" | 2.38 ± 0.47 | |||
| align="center" | 1.94 ± 0.45 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 50 | |||
| align="center" | 22.14 ± 8.24 | |||
| align="center" | 12.33 ± 5.59 | |||
| align="center" | 2.31 ± 0.39 | |||
| align="center" | 2.25 ± 0.55 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 24 | |||
| align="center" | 22.0 | |||
| align="center" | 9.92 ± 2.9 | |||
| align="center" | 2.44 ± 0.43 | |||
| align="center" | 2.84 ± 0.51 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.41 ± 0.13 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Carpentier-Edwards pericardial (stented prosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | 32.13 ± 3.35 | |||
| align="center" | 24.19 ± 8.6 | |||
| align="center" | 2.83 ± 0.14 | |||
| align="center" | 1.21 ± 0.31 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 34 | |||
| align="center" | 25.69 ± 9.9 | |||
| align="center" | 20.3 ± 9.08 | |||
| align="center" | 2.59 ± 0.42 | |||
| align="center" | 1.47 ± 0.36 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 21.72 ± 8.57 | |||
| align="center" | 13.01 ± 5.27 | |||
| align="center" | 2.29 ± 0.45 | |||
| align="center" | 1.75 ± 0.28 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 16.46 ± 5.41 | |||
| align="center" | 9.04 ± 2.27 | |||
| align="center" | 2.02 ± 0.31 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 19.2 | |||
| align="center" | 5.6 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 17.6 | |||
| align="center" | 11.6 | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Carpentier-Edwards supraannular AV (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 15 | |||
| align="center" | 34.1 ± 2.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.1 ± 0.09 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 25 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | 14 ± 5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.06 ± 0.16 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | CryoLife O'Brien stentless (stentless prothesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 47 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 4.8 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.25 ± 0.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 163 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 10.33 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.57 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 40 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 8.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 40 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 7.9 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.3 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 39 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 7.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.7 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Duromedics (Tekna; bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 19.08 ± 16 | |||
| align="center" | 8.98 ± 5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 12 | |||
| align="center" | 19.87 ± 7 | |||
| align="center" | 7 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 2.64 ± 0.27 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 18 | |||
| align="center" | 21 ± 9 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 2.34 ± 0.38 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 15 | |||
| align="center" | 22.5 ± 12 | |||
| align="center" | 6 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 1.88 ± 0.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 13.0 | |||
| align="center" | 3.4 | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Edwards Prima stentless (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 7 | |||
| align="center" | 30.9 ± 11.7 | |||
| align="center" | 15.4 ± 7.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1 ± 0.3 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 31.22 ± 17.35 | |||
| align="center" | 16.36 ± 11.36 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.25 ± 0.29 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 62 | |||
| align="center" | 23.39 ± 10.17 | |||
| align="center" | 11.52 ± 5.26 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 ± 0.4 | |||
| align="center" | 1.49 ± 0.46 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 97 | |||
| align="center" | 19.74 ± 10.36 | |||
| align="center" | 10.77 ± 9.32 | |||
| align="center" | 2.7 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.55 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 46 | |||
| align="center" | 15.9 ± 7.3 | |||
| align="center" | 7.1 ± 3.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 11 | |||
| align="center" | 11.21 ± 8.6 | |||
| align="center" | 5.03 ± 4.53 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.49 ± 0.52 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Hancock I (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | 19.09 ± 4.35 | |||
| align="center" | 12.36 ± 3.82 | |||
| align="center" | 2.94 ± 0.24 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 17.61 ± 3.13 | |||
| align="center" | 11 ± 2.85 | |||
| align="center" | 2.36 ± 0.37 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 18.11 ± 6.92 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 3.46 | |||
| align="center" | 2.4 ± 0.36 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.23 ± 0.04 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Hancock II (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 39 | |||
| align="center" | 20 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 14.8 ± 4.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.23 ± 0.27 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" |119 | |||
| align="center" | 24.72 ± 5.73 | |||
| align="center" | 16.64 ± 6.91 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.39 ± 0.23 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 114 | |||
| align="center" | 20 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 10.7 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.47 ± 0.19 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 113 | |||
| align="center" | 14 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.55 ± 0.18 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 35 | |||
| align="center" | 15 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.15 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="7" | Ionescu-Shiley (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 17 | |||
| align="center" | 11 | |||
| align="center" | 42.0 | |||
| align="center" | 21.1 ± 3.21 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 0.86 ± 0.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 63 | |||
| align="center" | 23.17 ± 6.58 | |||
| align="center" | 20.44 ± 8.47 | |||
| align="center" | 2.63 ± 0.32 | |||
| align="center" | 1.15 ± 0.18 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 11 | |||
| align="center" | 27.63 ± 8.34 | |||
| align="center" | 15.1 ± 1.56 | |||
| align="center" | 2.75 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 18.09 ± 6.49 | |||
| align="center" | 9.9 ± 2.85 | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 0.38 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 18.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 14.75 ± 2.17 | |||
| align="center" | 8.97 ± 0.57 | |||
| align="center" | 1.92 ± 0.14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 16.0 | |||
| align="center" | 7.3 | |||
| align="center" | 2.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Jyros bileaflet (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | 17.3 | |||
| align="center" | 10.8 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 24 | |||
| align="center" | 7 | |||
| align="center" | 18.6 | |||
| align="center" | 11.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 14.4 | |||
| align="center" | 8.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 28 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 10.0 | |||
| align="center" | 5.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 8.0 | |||
| align="center" | 6.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Lillehei-Kaster (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.43 ± 0.39 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 18 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.85 ± 0.21 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Medtronic Freestyle stentless (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 11 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 13.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 85 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 7.99 ± 2.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.32 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 141 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 7.24 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.5 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 164 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 5.35 ± 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.03 ± 0.41 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 105 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.72 ± 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 0.47 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Medtronic-Hall (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 24 | |||
| align="center" | 34.37 ± 13.06 | |||
| align="center" | 17.08 ± 5.28 | |||
| align="center" | 2.9 ± 0.4 | |||
| align="center" | 1.21 ± 0.45 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 26.86 ± 10.54 | |||
| align="center" | 14.1 ± 5.93 | |||
| align="center" | 2.42 ± 0.36 | |||
| align="center" | 1.08 ± 0.17 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 26.85 ± 8.85 | |||
| align="center" | 13.5 ± 4.79 | |||
| align="center" | 2.43 ± 0.59 | |||
| align="center" | 1.36 ± 0.39 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 17 | |||
| align="center" | 17.13 ± 7.04 | |||
| align="center" | 9.53 ± 4.26 | |||
| align="center" | 2.29 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.47 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 18.66 ± 9.71 | |||
| align="center" | 8.66 ± 5.56 | |||
| align="center" | 2.07 ± 0.53 | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.16 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Medtronic intact (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 39.43 ± 15.4 | |||
| align="center" | 23.71 ± 9.3 | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 55 | |||
| align="center" | 33.9 ± 12.69 | |||
| align="center" | 18.74 ± 8.03 | |||
| align="center" | 2.73 ± 0.44 | |||
| align="center" | 1.55 ± 0.39 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 110 | |||
| align="center" | 31.27 ± 9.62 | |||
| align="center" | 18.88 ± 6.17 | |||
| align="center" | 2.74 ± 0.37 | |||
| align="center" | 1.64 ± 0.37 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 41 | |||
| align="center" | 27.34 ± 10.59 | |||
| align="center" | 16.4 ± 6.05 | |||
| align="center" | 2.6 ± 0.44 | |||
| align="center" | 1.85 ± 0.25 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 25.27 ± 7.58 | |||
| align="center" | 15 ± 3.94 | |||
| align="center" | 2.51 ± 0.38 | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 0.17 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 31.0 | |||
| align="center" | 15.6 ± 2.1 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 | |||
| align="center" | 2.38 ± 0.54 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Medtronic Mosaic, porcine (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 51 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 12.43 ± 7.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.7 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 121 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 12.47 ± 7.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 ± 0.8 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 71 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 10.08 ± 5.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 ± 1.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 9.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 9.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Mitroflow (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | 18.7 ± 5.1 | |||
| align="center" | 10.3 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.13 ± 0.17 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 7 | |||
| align="center" | 20.2 | |||
| align="center" | 15.4 | |||
| align="center" | 2.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 14.04 ± 4.91 | |||
| align="center" | 7.56 ± 3.38 | |||
| align="center" | 1.85 ± 0.34 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | 17 ± 11.31 | |||
| align="center" | 10.8 ± 6.51 | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.71 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 6.57 ± 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | O'Brien-Angell stentless (annular position; stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 14.5 ± 7.77 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.15 ± 0.07 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 50 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 19 ± 12.72 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.12 ± 0.25 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 18 ± 12.72 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.55 ± 0.21 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 7.07 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.05 ± 1.2 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | O'Brien-Angell stentless (supraannular position; stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 9 ± 1.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.58 ± 0.58 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 50 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 7.5 ± 0.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.37 ± 0.18 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 8.5 ± 0.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.85 ± 0.87 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 7 ± 1.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.7 ± 0.42 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Omnicarbon (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 71 | |||
| align="center" | 36.79 ± 12.59 | |||
| align="center" | 19.4 ± 5.46 | |||
| align="center" | 2.93 ± 0.47 | |||
| align="center" | 1.25 ± 0.43 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 83 | |||
| align="center" | 29.33 ± 9.67 | |||
| align="center" | 17.98 ± 6.06 | |||
| align="center" | 2.66 ± 0.44 | |||
| align="center" | 1.49 ± 0.34 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 81 | |||
| align="center" | 24.29 ± 7.71 | |||
| align="center" | 13.51 ± 3.85 | |||
| align="center" | 2.32 ± 0.38 | |||
| align="center" | 1.94 ± 0.52 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 40 | |||
| align="center" | 19.63 ± 4.34 | |||
| align="center" | 12.06 ± 2.98 | |||
| align="center" | 2.08 ± 0.35 | |||
| align="center" | 2.11 ± 0.46 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 17.12 ± 1.53 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 1.53 | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.06 | |||
| align="center" | 2.27 ± 0.23 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Omniscience (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | 47.5 ± 3.5 | |||
| align="center" | 28 ± 1.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 0.81 ± 0.01 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 50.8 ± 2.8 | |||
| align="center" | 28.2 ± 2.17 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 0.87 ± 0.13 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 39.8 ± 8.7 | |||
| align="center" | 20.1 ± 5.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 0.98 ± 0.07 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | On-X (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | 21.3 ± 10.8 | |||
| align="center" | 11.8 ± 3.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 11 | |||
| align="center" | 16.4 ± 5.9 | |||
| align="center" | 9.9 ± 3.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 15.9 ± 6.4 | |||
| align="center" | 8.5 ± 3.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 12 | |||
| align="center" | 16.5 ± 10.2 | |||
| align="center" | 9 ± 5.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.4 ± 0.8 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27–29 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 11.4 ± 4.6 | |||
| align="center" | 5.6 ± 2.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.2 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Sorin Allcarbon (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 7 | |||
| align="center" | 44 ± 7 | |||
| align="center" | 29 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | 3.3 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 0.9 ± 0.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 36.52 ± 9.61 | |||
| align="center" | 21.07 ± 6.72 | |||
| align="center" | 2.93 + 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.08 ± 0.19 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 37 | |||
| align="center" | 34.97 ± 10.97 | |||
| align="center" | 18.72 ± 6.49 | |||
| align="center" | 2.9 ± 0.41 | |||
| align="center" | 1.31 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 22 ± 4.68 | |||
| align="center" | 13.85 ± 3.97 | |||
| align="center" | 2.37 ± 0.23 | |||
| align="center" | 1.96 ± 0.71 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 13 | |||
| align="center" | 16.3 ± 3.3 | |||
| align="center" | 10.15 ± 3.76 | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 2.51 ± 0.57 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 8 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 4.1 ± 0.7 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Sorin Bicarbon (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 29.53 ± 4.46 | |||
| align="center" | 16.35 ± 1.99 | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.36 ± 0.13 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 70 | |||
| align="center" | 24.52 ± 7.1 | |||
| align="center" | 12.54 ± 3.3 | |||
| align="center" | 2.46 ± 0.31 | |||
| align="center" | 1.46 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 71 | |||
| align="center" | 17.79 ± 6.1 | |||
| align="center" | 9.61 ± 3.3 | |||
| align="center" | 2.11 ± 0.24 | |||
| align="center" | 1.98 ± 0.23 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 40 | |||
| align="center" | 18.46 ± 3.1 | |||
| align="center" | 10.05 ± 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | 2.25 ± 0.19 | |||
| align="center" | 2.39 ± 0.29 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 3.25 | |||
| align="center" | 7 ± 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.73 ± 0.21 | |||
| align="center" | 3.06 ± 0.47 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | 9 ± 1.25 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.51 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 3.45 ± 0.02 | |||
|- | |||
| Sorin Pericarbon (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 15 | |||
| align="center" | 39 ± 13 | |||
| align="center" | 25 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.0 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="7" | St. Jude Medical (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 100 | |||
| align="center" | 35.17 ± 11.16 | |||
| align="center" | 18.96 ± 6.27 | |||
| align="center" | 2.86 ± 0.48 | |||
| align="center" | 1.01 ± 0.24 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 207 | |||
| align="center" | 28.34 ± 9.94 | |||
| align="center" | 15.82 ± 5.67 | |||
| align="center" | 2.63 ± 0.48 | |||
| align="center" | 1.33 ± 0.32 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 236 | |||
| align="center" | 25.28 ± 7.89 | |||
| align="center" | 13.77 ± 5.33 | |||
| align="center" | 2.57 ± 0.44 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.43 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 169 | |||
| align="center" | 22.57 ± 7.68 | |||
| align="center" | 12.65 ± 5.14 | |||
| align="center" | 2.4 ± 0.45 | |||
| align="center" | 1.93 ± 0.45 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 82 | |||
| align="center" | 19.85 ± 7.55 | |||
| align="center" | 11.18 ± 4.82 | |||
| align="center" | 2.24 ± 0.42 | |||
| align="center" | 2.35 ± 0.59 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 18 | |||
| align="center" | 17.72 ± 6.42 | |||
| align="center" | 9.86 ± 2.9 | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 2.81 ± 0.57 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | 16.0 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 6 | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 ± 0.6 | |||
| align="center" | 3.08 ± 1.09 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | St. Jude Medical Hemodynamic Plus (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 19 | |||
| align="center" | 25.81 ± 7.52 | |||
| align="center" | 16.44 ± 3.57 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.65 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 18.9 ± 7.31 | |||
| align="center" | 9.62 ± 3.37 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.15 ± 0.29 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="7" | Starr-Edwards (ball-and-cage) | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | 29.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.0 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | 32.6 ± 12.79 | |||
| align="center" | 21.98 ± 8.8 | |||
| align="center" | 3.5 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 24 | |||
| align="center" | 43 | |||
| align="center" | 34.13 ± 10.33 | |||
| align="center" | 22.09 ± 7.54 | |||
| align="center" | 3.35 ± 0.48 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 31.83 ± 9.01 | |||
| align="center" | 19.69 ± 6.05 | |||
| align="center" | 3.18 ± 0.35 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | 30.82 ± 6.3 | |||
| align="center" | 18.5 ± 3.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 29 ± 9.3 | |||
| align="center" | 16.3 ± 5.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="8" | Stentless porcine xenograft (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 14 ± 5 | |||
| align="center" | 8.7 ± 3.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.33 ± 0.38 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 16 ± 5.6 | |||
| align="center" | 9.7 ± 3.7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.32 ± 0.48 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 4.8 | |||
| align="center" | 7.7 ± 2.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.59 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 24 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 3.8 | |||
| align="center" | 7.7 ± 2.2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.4 ± 0.01 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | 11.5 ± 7.1 | |||
| align="center" | 7.4 ± 4.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.13 ± 0.7 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 10.7 | |||
| align="center" | 7 ± 2.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.15 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 9.2 | |||
| align="center" | 5.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 28 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 7.5 | |||
| align="center" | 4.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.3 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="7" | Toronto stentless, porcine (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 10.9 | |||
| align="center" | 4.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | 18.64 ± 11.8 | |||
| align="center" | 7.56 ± 4.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.21 ± 0.7 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 23.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 84 | |||
| align="center" | 13.55 ± 7.28 | |||
| align="center" | 7.08 ± 4.33 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.59 ± 0.84 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 190 | |||
| align="center" | 12.17 ± 5.75 | |||
| align="center" | 6.2 ± 3.05 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.62 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 240 | |||
| align="center" | 9.96 ± 4.56 | |||
| align="center" | 4.8 ± 2.33 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.95 ± 0.42 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 200 | |||
| align="center" | 7.91 ± 4.17 | |||
| align="center" | 3.94 ± 2.15 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.37 ± 0.67 | |||
|} | |||
==Normal Doppler echocardiographic values for mitral valve prosthesis== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" | |||
|+'''Normal Doppler echocardiographic values for mitral valve prosthesis''' | |||
! style="width:200px" | Valve | |||
! style="width:50px" | Size | |||
! style="width:50px" | <em>n</em> | |||
! style="width:100px" | Peak gradient<br/>(mm Hg) | |||
! style="width:100px" | Mean gradient<br/>(mm Hg) | |||
! style="width:100px" | Peak velocity<br/>(m/s) | |||
! style="width:100px" | Pressure half-time<br/>(ms) | |||
! style="width:100px" | Effective orifice area<br/>(cm<sup>2</sup>) | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Biocor (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 14 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 11.5 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Bioflo pericardial (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 6.3 ± 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 9.5 ± 2.6 | |||
| align="center" | 5.4 ± 1.2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.3 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 2.8 | |||
| align="center" | 3.6 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.4 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 4.0 | |||
| align="center" | 2.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.3 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Björk-Shiley (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | 115 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 6 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.75 ± 0.38 | |||
| align="center" | 99 ± 27 | |||
| align="center" | 1.72 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 34 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.49 | |||
| align="center" | 89 ± 28 | |||
| align="center" | 1.81 ± 0.54 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 7.83 ± 2.93 | |||
| align="center" | 2.83 ± 1.27 | |||
| align="center" | 1.37 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 79 ± 17 | |||
| align="center" | 2.1 ± 0.43 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 6 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 1.9 | |||
| align="center" | 1.41 ± 0.26 | |||
| align="center" | 70 ± 14 | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 0.3 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Björk-Shiley monostrut (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 5.0 | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 102 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | 5.57 ± 2.3 | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 83 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | 4.53 ± 2.2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 4.26 ± 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 14 ± 4.5 | |||
| align="center" | 4.9 ± 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Carbomedics (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 126 ± 7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 12 | |||
| align="center" | 10.3 ± 2.3 | |||
| align="center" | 3.6 ± 0.6 | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 93 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | 2.9 + 0.8 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 78 | |||
| align="center" | 8.79 ± 3.46 | |||
| align="center" | 3.46 ± 1.03 | |||
| align="center" | 1.61 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 89 ± 20 | |||
| align="center" | 2.9 + 0.75 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 46 | |||
| align="center" | 8.78 ± 2.9 | |||
| align="center" | 3.39 ± 0.97 | |||
| align="center" | 1.52 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 88 ± 17 | |||
| align="center" | 2.3 + 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 57 | |||
| align="center" | 8.87 ± 2.34 | |||
| align="center" | 3.32 ± 0.87 | |||
| align="center" | 1.01 ± 0.29 | |||
| align="center" | 92 ± 24 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 + 1.14 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 8.8 ± 2.2 | |||
| align="center" | 4.8 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 93 ± 12 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Carpentier-Edwards (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 6 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 98 ± 28 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.7 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.76 ± 0.27 | |||
| align="center" | 92 ± 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.4 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 1.54 ± 0.15 | |||
| align="center" | 92 ± 19 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 6 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 93 ± 12 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Carpentier-Edwards pericardial(stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.6 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | 100 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 5.25 ± 2.36 | |||
| align="center" | 1.67 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 110 ± 15 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.05 ± 0.83 | |||
| align="center" | 1.53 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 90 ± 11 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.0 | |||
| align="center" | 0.8 | |||
| align="center" | 80 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Duromedics (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 6 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 75 ± 12 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 3 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 161 ± 40 | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 21 | |||
| align="center" | 10.5 ± 4.37 | |||
| align="center" | 3.3 ± 1.36 | |||
| align="center" | 140 ± 25 | |||
| align="center" | 81 ± 12 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 11.2 | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | 138 ± 27 | |||
| align="center" | 85 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Hancock I or not specified (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 ± 0.8 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 13 | |||
| align="center" | 7 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 2.46 ± 0.79 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 115 ± 20 | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 086 | |||
| align="center" | 4.86 ± 1.69 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 95 ± 17 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 3 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 3.87 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 90 ± 12 | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.2 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Hancock II (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.21 ± 0.14 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 64 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.77 ± 0.11 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 90 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.84 ± 0.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.15 ± 0.22 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Hancock pericardial (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.61 ± 1.39 | |||
| align="center" | 1.42 ± 0.14 | |||
| align="center" | 105 ± 36 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.57 ± 1.02 | |||
| align="center" | 1.51 ± 0.27 | |||
| align="center" | 81 ± 23 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Ionescu-Shiley (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.87 ± 1.08 | |||
| align="center" | 1.43 ± 0.15 | |||
| align="center" | 93 ± 11 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.21 ± 0.82 | |||
| align="center" | 1.31 ± 0.24 | |||
| align="center" | 100 ± 28 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.22 ± 0.57 | |||
| align="center" | 1.38 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.63 ± 0.9 | |||
| align="center" | 1.45 ± 0.06 | |||
| align="center" | 100 ± 36 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Ionescu-Shiley low profile (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 13 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.31 ± 0.96 | |||
| align="center" | 1.36 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 80 ± 30 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 10 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.74 ± 0.37 | |||
| align="center" | 1.33 ± 0.14 | |||
| align="center" | 79 ± 15 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Labcor-Santiago pericardial (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 8.7 | |||
| align="center" | 4.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 97 | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 5.6 ± 2.3 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 ± 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 18 | |||
| align="center" | 2.12 ± 0.48 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 6.2 ± 2.1 | |||
| align="center" | 3 ± 1.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 80 ± 34 | |||
| align="center" | 2.11 ± 0.73 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Lillehei-Kaster (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 18 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | 140 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | 67 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.56 ± 0.09 | |||
| align="center" | 94 ± 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.38 ± 0.27 | |||
| align="center" | 124 ± 46 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Medtronic-Hall (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.4 | |||
| align="center" | 78 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.57 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 69 ± 15 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.45 ± 0.12 | |||
| align="center" | 77 ± 17 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Medtronic Intact, porcine (stented prosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.5 ± 0.51 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.2 ± 1.44 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.26 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 13 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1.3 | |||
| align="center" | 1.4 ± 0.24 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 35 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.2 ± 1.77 | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Mitroflow (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 6.9 | |||
| align="center" | 2.0 | |||
| align="center" | 90 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.07 ± 0.91 | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | 90 ± 20 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 15 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.5 ± 1.65 | |||
| align="center" | 1.43 ± 0.29 | |||
| align="center" | 102 ± 21 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.85 ± 0.81 | |||
| align="center" | 1.32 ± 0.26 | |||
| align="center" | 91 ± 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Omnicarbon (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 8.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 6.05 ± 1.81 | |||
| align="center" | 1.77 ± 0.24 | |||
| align="center" | 102 ± 16 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.89 ± 2.05 | |||
| align="center" | 1.63 ± 0.36 | |||
| align="center" | 105 ± 33 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 34 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.93 ± 2.16 | |||
| align="center" | 1.56 ± 0.27 | |||
| align="center" | 120 ± 40 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 58 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.18 ± 1.4 | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 ± 0.23 | |||
| align="center" | 134 ± 31 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | On-X (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 11.5 ± 3.2 | |||
| align="center" | 5.3 ± 2.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 1.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27–29 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 10.3 ± 4.5 | |||
| align="center" | 4.5 ± 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 0.5 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31–33 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | 9.8 ± 3.8 | |||
| align="center" | 4.8 ± 2.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 1.1 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Sorin Allcarbon (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 15 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 105 ± 29 | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 89 ± 14 | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 0.5 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 34 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 23 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 ± 0.7 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 11 | |||
| align="center" | 9 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 88 ± 27 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 ± 0.9 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Sorin Bicarbon (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 15 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.95 ± 0.02 | |||
| align="center" | 70 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 11 ± 2.75 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.65 ± 0.21 | |||
| align="center" | 82 ± 20 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1.25 | |||
| align="center" | 1.73 ± 0.22 | |||
| align="center" | 80 ± 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.66 ± 0.11 | |||
| align="center" | 83 ± 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | St. Jude Medical (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.0 | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | 160 | |||
| align="center" | 1.0 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.34 ± 1.12 | |||
| align="center" | 75 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 1.35 ± 0.17 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 11 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 1.82 | |||
| align="center" | 1.61 ± 0.29 | |||
| align="center" | 75 ± 10 | |||
| align="center" | 1.67 ± 0.17 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 40 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 4.15 ± 1.8 | |||
| align="center" | 1.57 ± 0.29 | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 10 | |||
| align="center" | 1.75 ± 0.24 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 41 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 6 | |||
| align="center" | 4.46 ± 2.22 | |||
| align="center" | 1.59 ± 0.33 | |||
| align="center" | 74 ± 13 | |||
| align="center" | 2.03 ± 0.32 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Starr-Edwards (ball-and-cage) | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 10.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 28 | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 7 ± 2.75 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.57 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 12.2 ± 4.6 | |||
| align="center" | 6.99 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 125 ± 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1.65 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 32 | |||
| align="center" | 17 | |||
| align="center" | 11.5 ± 4.2 | |||
| align="center" | 5.08 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 110 ± 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1.95 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 34 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 5.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.6 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Stentless quadrileaflet bovine pericardial (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | 103 ± 31 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 28 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.58 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.42 ± 0.32 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.3 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Wessex (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.69 ± 0.61 | |||
| align="center" | 1.66 ± 0.17 | |||
| align="center" | 83 ± 19 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.31 ± 0.83 | |||
| align="center" | 1.41 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 80 ± 21 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|} | |||
==Transesophageal Echocardiographic Anatomy== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" | |||
|+'''Transesophageal Echocardiographic Anatomy''' | |||
! ME two-chamber | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~14 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LA appendage</li> | |||
<li>Mass/thrombus</li> | |||
<li>LV apex pathology</li> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (apical segments)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LA appendage</li> | |||
<li>Mitral valve</li> | |||
<li>LV apex (i.e., maximal LV length)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! ME LAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral valve pathology</li> | |||
<li>LVOT pathology</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV</li> | |||
<li>Mitral valve</li> | |||
<li>LVOT</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! ME mitral commissural | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Localization of mitral valve pathology</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral valve (P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>3</sub> and A<sub>2</sub> scallops)</li> | |||
<li>Papillary muscles/chordae tendineae</li> | |||
<li>LA</li> | |||
<li>LV</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG mid-SAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Hemodynamic instability</li> | |||
<li>LV enlargement</li> | |||
<li>LV hypertrophy</li> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (global and regional)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV cavity</li> | |||
<li>LV walls (at least 50% of circumference with visible endocardium)</li> | |||
<li>Papillary muscles (approximately equal in size and distinct from ventricular wall)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG two-chamber | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (anterior and inferior basal segments)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral leaflets</li> | |||
<li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li> | |||
<li>LV (anterior and inferior: basal plus mild segments)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG RV inflow | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral-rightward | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>RV systolic dysfunction</li> | |||
<li>Tricuspid valve pathology</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Tricuspid leaflets</li> | |||
<li>Tricuspid subvalvular apparatus</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG RV inflow-outflow | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral-rightward | |||
| Sector depth: ~14 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>RV systolic dysfunction</li> | |||
<li>RVOT pathology</li> | |||
<li>Pulmonary artery pathology</li> | |||
<li>Pulmonic valve evaluation</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>RA</li> | |||
<li>RV</li> | |||
<li>Main pulmonary artery</li> | |||
<li>Pulmonic valve</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG basal SAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (basal segments)</li> | |||
<li>Mitral valve pathology</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral leaflets</li> | |||
<li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li> | |||
<li>LV (basal segments)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG LAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral-leftward | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (anteroseptal and posterior: basal segments)</li> | |||
<li>Doppler evaluation of aortic valve</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral leaflets</li> | |||
<li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li> | |||
<li>LV (anteroseptal and posterior: basal plus midsegments)</li> | |||
<li>Aortic valve</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! Deep TG LAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~16 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Aortic valve pathology</li> | |||
<li>LVOT pathology</li> | |||
<li>Doppler evaluation of aortic valve</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV</li> | |||
<li>Aortic valve</li> | |||
<li>Aorta</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>ME, midesophageal; Asc, ascending; SAX, short axis; LAX, long axis; UE, upper esophageal; Desc, descending; AV, aortic valve; RV, right ventricular; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; RA, right atrium; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricular; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; TG, transgastric.</li> | |||
<li>Modified from Miller JP, Lambert SA, Shapiro WA, et al. The adequacy of basic intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography performed by experienced anesthesiologist. <em>Anesth Analg</em> 2001;92:1103–1110, with permission.</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|} | |||
[[File:deep TG LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:desc aortic LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:desc aortic SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME asc aortic LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME asc aortic SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME AV LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME AV SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME bicaval.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME four chamber.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME mitral commissural.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME RV inflow-outflow.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME two-chamber.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TEE coronary region.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TEE LV Sections.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TEE mitral valve.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TEE mitral valve2.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG basal SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG mid SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG RV inflow-outflow.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG RV inflow.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG two-chamber.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:UE aortic arch LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:UE aortic arch SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||