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[[File:continuity_equation.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | [[File:continuity_equation.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | ||
[[File:TEE_views.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:fig001.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | [[File:fig001.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | ||
[[File:fig002.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | [[File:fig002.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | ||
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|+'''Normal Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve prosthesis''' | |+'''Normal Doppler echocardiographic values of aortic valve prosthesis''' | ||
! Valve | ! style="width:200px" | Valve | ||
! Size | ! style="width:50px" | Size | ||
! <em>n</em> | ! style="width:50px" | <em>n</em> | ||
! Peak gradient (mm Hg) | ! style="width:100px" | Peak gradient<br/>(mm Hg) | ||
! Mean gradient (mm Hg) | ! style="width:100px" | Mean gradient<br/>(mm Hg) | ||
! Peak velocity (m/s) | ! style="width:100px" | Peak velocity<br/>(m/s) | ||
! Effective orifice area (cm<sup>2</sup>) | ! style="width:100px" | Effective orifice area<br/>(cm<sup>2</sup>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 256: | Line 257: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" | Biocor extended stentless (stentless bioprosthesis) | | rowspan="3" | Biocor extended stentless (stentless bioprosthesis) | ||
| align="center" | 19 | | align="center" | 19–21 | ||
| align="center" | 12 | | align="center" | 12 | ||
| align="center" | 17.5 ± 5.8 | | align="center" | 17.5 ± 5.8 | ||
Line 1,387: | Line 1,388: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" | 27 | | align="center" | 27–29 | ||
| align="center" | 8 | | align="center" | 8 | ||
| align="center" | 11.4 ± 4.6 | | align="center" | 11.4 ± 4.6 | ||
Line 1,760: | Line 1,761: | ||
|+'''Normal Doppler echocardiographic values for mitral valve prosthesis''' | |+'''Normal Doppler echocardiographic values for mitral valve prosthesis''' | ||
! Valve | ! style="width:200px" | Valve | ||
! Size | ! style="width:50px" | Size | ||
! <em>n</em> | ! style="width:50px" | <em>n</em> | ||
! Peak gradient (mm Hg) | ! style="width:100px" | Peak gradient<br/>(mm Hg) | ||
! Mean gradient (mm Hg) | ! style="width:100px" | Mean gradient<br/>(mm Hg) | ||
! Peak velocity (m/s) | ! style="width:100px" | Peak velocity<br/>(m/s) | ||
! Pressure half-time (ms) | ! style="width:100px" | Pressure half-time<br/>(ms) | ||
! Effective orifice area (cm<sup>2</sup>) | ! style="width:100px" | Effective orifice area<br/>(cm<sup>2</sup>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,137: | Line 2,138: | ||
| align="center" | 90 ± 12 | | align="center" | 90 ± 12 | ||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.2 | | align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.2 | ||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Hancock II (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.21 ± 0.14 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 64 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.77 ± 0.11 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 90 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.84 ± 0.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.15 ± 0.22 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Hancock pericardial (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.61 ± 1.39 | |||
| align="center" | 1.42 ± 0.14 | |||
| align="center" | 105 ± 36 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.57 ± 1.02 | |||
| align="center" | 1.51 ± 0.27 | |||
| align="center" | 81 ± 23 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Ionescu-Shiley (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.87 ± 1.08 | |||
| align="center" | 1.43 ± 0.15 | |||
| align="center" | 93 ± 11 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.21 ± 0.82 | |||
| align="center" | 1.31 ± 0.24 | |||
| align="center" | 100 ± 28 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.22 ± 0.57 | |||
| align="center" | 1.38 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 8 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.63 ± 0.9 | |||
| align="center" | 1.45 ± 0.06 | |||
| align="center" | 100 ± 36 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Ionescu-Shiley low profile (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 13 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.31 ± 0.96 | |||
| align="center" | 1.36 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 80 ± 30 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 10 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.74 ± 0.37 | |||
| align="center" | 1.33 ± 0.14 | |||
| align="center" | 79 ± 15 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Labcor-Santiago pericardial (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | 8.7 | |||
| align="center" | 4.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 97 | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 5.6 ± 2.3 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 ± 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 18 | |||
| align="center" | 2.12 ± 0.48 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 6.2 ± 2.1 | |||
| align="center" | 3 ± 1.3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 80 ± 34 | |||
| align="center" | 2.11 ± 0.73 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Lillehei-Kaster (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 18 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | 140 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | 67 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.56 ± 0.09 | |||
| align="center" | 94 ± 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.38 ± 0.27 | |||
| align="center" | 124 ± 46 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Medtronic-Hall (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.4 | |||
| align="center" | 78 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.57 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 69 ± 15 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 7 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.45 ± 0.12 | |||
| align="center" | 77 ± 17 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Medtronic Intact, porcine (stented prosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.5 ± 0.51 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.2 ± 1.44 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.26 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 13 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1.3 | |||
| align="center" | 1.4 ± 0.24 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 35 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.2 ± 1.77 | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Mitroflow (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 6.9 | |||
| align="center" | 2.0 | |||
| align="center" | 90 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.07 ± 0.91 | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | 90 ± 20 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 15 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.5 ± 1.65 | |||
| align="center" | 1.43 ± 0.29 | |||
| align="center" | 102 ± 21 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 5 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.85 ± 0.81 | |||
| align="center" | 1.32 ± 0.26 | |||
| align="center" | 91 ± 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="6" | Omnicarbon (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 8.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 6.05 ± 1.81 | |||
| align="center" | 1.77 ± 0.24 | |||
| align="center" | 102 ± 16 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.89 ± 2.05 | |||
| align="center" | 1.63 ± 0.36 | |||
| align="center" | 105 ± 33 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 34 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.93 ± 2.16 | |||
| align="center" | 1.56 ± 0.27 | |||
| align="center" | 120 ± 40 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 58 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.18 ± 1.4 | |||
| align="center" | 1.3 ± 0.23 | |||
| align="center" | 134 ± 31 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 33 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | On-X (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 11.5 ± 3.2 | |||
| align="center" | 5.3 ± 2.1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 1.1 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27–29 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 10.3 ± 4.5 | |||
| align="center" | 4.5 ± 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 0.5 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31–33 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | 9.8 ± 3.8 | |||
| align="center" | 4.8 ± 2.4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 1.1 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Sorin Allcarbon (tilting disk) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 8 | |||
| align="center" | 15 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 2 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 105 ± 29 | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 20 | |||
| align="center" | 13 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.8 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 89 ± 14 | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 0.5 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 34 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 2 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.2 | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 23 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 ± 0.7 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 11 | |||
| align="center" | 9 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 ± 0.1 | |||
| align="center" | 88 ± 27 | |||
| align="center" | 2.8 ± 0.9 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | Sorin Bicarbon (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 3 | |||
| align="center" | 15 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.95 ± 0.02 | |||
| align="center" | 70 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 11 ± 2.75 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 0.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.65 ± 0.21 | |||
| align="center" | 82 ± 20 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1.25 | |||
| align="center" | 1.73 ± 0.22 | |||
| align="center" | 80 ± 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | 4 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.66 ± 0.11 | |||
| align="center" | 83 ± 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | St. Jude Medical (bileaflet) | |||
| align="center" | 23 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 4.0 | |||
| align="center" | 1.5 | |||
| align="center" | 160 | |||
| align="center" | 1.0 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 4 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.5 ± 1 | |||
| align="center" | 1.34 ± 1.12 | |||
| align="center" | 75 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 1.35 ± 0.17 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | 16 | |||
| align="center" | 11 ± 4 | |||
| align="center" | 5 ± 1.82 | |||
| align="center" | 1.61 ± 0.29 | |||
| align="center" | 75 ± 10 | |||
| align="center" | 1.67 ± 0.17 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 40 | |||
| align="center" | 10 ± 3 | |||
| align="center" | 4.15 ± 1.8 | |||
| align="center" | 1.57 ± 0.29 | |||
| align="center" | 85 ± 10 | |||
| align="center" | 1.75 ± 0.24 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 41 | |||
| align="center" | 12 ± 6 | |||
| align="center" | 4.46 ± 2.22 | |||
| align="center" | 1.59 ± 0.33 | |||
| align="center" | 74 ± 13 | |||
| align="center" | 2.03 ± 0.32 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="5" | Starr-Edwards (ball-and-cage) | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 10.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 28 | |||
| align="center" | 27 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 7 ± 2.75 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.9 ± 0.57 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 25 | |||
| align="center" | 12.2 ± 4.6 | |||
| align="center" | 6.99 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 125 ± 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1.65 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 32 | |||
| align="center" | 17 | |||
| align="center" | 11.5 ± 4.2 | |||
| align="center" | 5.08 ± 2.5 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.3 | |||
| align="center" | 110 ± 25 | |||
| align="center" | 1.95 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 34 | |||
| align="center" | 1 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 5.0 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.6 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | Stentless quadrileaflet bovine pericardial (stentless bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 26 | |||
| align="center" | 2 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.2 ± 1.7 | |||
| align="center" | 1.6 | |||
| align="center" | 103 ± 31 | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 28 | |||
| align="center" | 14 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.58 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.7 ± 0.6 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 30 | |||
| align="center" | 6 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 1.42 ± 0.32 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 2.3 ± 0.4 | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" | Wessex (stented bioprosthesis) | |||
| align="center" | 29 | |||
| align="center" | 9 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.69 ± 0.61 | |||
| align="center" | 1.66 ± 0.17 | |||
| align="center" | 83 ± 19 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" | 31 | |||
| align="center" | 22 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | 3.31 ± 0.83 | |||
| align="center" | 1.41 ± 0.25 | |||
| align="center" | 80 ± 21 | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Transesophageal Echocardiographic Anatomy== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" | |||
|+'''Transesophageal Echocardiographic Anatomy''' | |||
! ME two-chamber | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~14 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LA appendage</li> | |||
<li>Mass/thrombus</li> | |||
<li>LV apex pathology</li> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (apical segments)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LA appendage</li> | |||
<li>Mitral valve</li> | |||
<li>LV apex (i.e., maximal LV length)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! ME LAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral valve pathology</li> | |||
<li>LVOT pathology</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV</li> | |||
<li>Mitral valve</li> | |||
<li>LVOT</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! ME mitral commissural | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Localization of mitral valve pathology</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral valve (P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>3</sub> and A<sub>2</sub> scallops)</li> | |||
<li>Papillary muscles/chordae tendineae</li> | |||
<li>LA</li> | |||
<li>LV</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG mid-SAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Hemodynamic instability</li> | |||
<li>LV enlargement</li> | |||
<li>LV hypertrophy</li> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (global and regional)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV cavity</li> | |||
<li>LV walls (at least 50% of circumference with visible endocardium)</li> | |||
<li>Papillary muscles (approximately equal in size and distinct from ventricular wall)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG two-chamber | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (anterior and inferior basal segments)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral leaflets</li> | |||
<li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li> | |||
<li>LV (anterior and inferior: basal plus mild segments)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG RV inflow | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral-rightward | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>RV systolic dysfunction</li> | |||
<li>Tricuspid valve pathology</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Tricuspid leaflets</li> | |||
<li>Tricuspid subvalvular apparatus</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG RV inflow-outflow | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral-rightward | |||
| Sector depth: ~14 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>RV systolic dysfunction</li> | |||
<li>RVOT pathology</li> | |||
<li>Pulmonary artery pathology</li> | |||
<li>Pulmonic valve evaluation</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>RA</li> | |||
<li>RV</li> | |||
<li>Main pulmonary artery</li> | |||
<li>Pulmonic valve</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG basal SAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (basal segments)</li> | |||
<li>Mitral valve pathology</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral leaflets</li> | |||
<li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li> | |||
<li>LV (basal segments)</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! TG LAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral-leftward | |||
| Sector depth: ~12 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV systolic dysfunction (anteroseptal and posterior: basal segments)</li> | |||
<li>Doppler evaluation of aortic valve</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Mitral leaflets</li> | |||
<li>Mitral subvalvular apparatus</li> | |||
<li>LV (anteroseptal and posterior: basal plus midsegments)</li> | |||
<li>Aortic valve</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
! Deep TG LAX | |||
| Probe adjustment: neutral | |||
| Sector depth: ~16 cm | |||
|- | |||
| image | |||
| valign="top" | Primary diagnostic issues | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>Aortic valve pathology</li> | |||
<li>LVOT pathology</li> | |||
<li>Doppler evaluation of aortic valve</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
| valign="top" | Required structures | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>LV</li> | |||
<li>Aortic valve</li> | |||
<li>Aorta</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>ME, midesophageal; Asc, ascending; SAX, short axis; LAX, long axis; UE, upper esophageal; Desc, descending; AV, aortic valve; RV, right ventricular; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; RA, right atrium; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricular; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; TG, transgastric.</li> | |||
<li>Modified from Miller JP, Lambert SA, Shapiro WA, et al. The adequacy of basic intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography performed by experienced anesthesiologist. <em>Anesth Analg</em> 2001;92:1103–1110, with permission.</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
|} | |||
[[File:deep TG LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:desc aortic LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:desc aortic SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME asc aortic LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME asc aortic SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME AV LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME AV SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME bicaval.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME four chamber.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME mitral commissural.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME RV inflow-outflow.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:ME two-chamber.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TEE coronary region.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TEE LV Sections.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TEE mitral valve.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TEE mitral valve2.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG basal SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG mid SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG RV inflow-outflow.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG RV inflow.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:TG two-chamber.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:UE aortic arch LAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] | |||
[[File:UE aortic arch SAX.svg|thumb|left|300px]] |
edits