Normal Values: Difference between revisions

| - 2D parasternal short-axis view

| - contour of the inner mitral orifice

| - determine the smallest orifice by scanning from apex to base

| - include commissures when opened

| - positioning of measurement plan can be oriented by 3D echo

| - in mid-diastole (use cine-loop)

| - lowest gain setting to visualize the whole mitral orifice

| - average measurements if atrial fibrillation

| - continuous-wave Doppler

| - mean gradient from the traced contour of the diastolic mitral flow

| - apical windows often suitable (optimize intercept angle)

| - pressure half-time from the descending sLope of the E-wave (mid-diastole slope if not linear)

| - adjust gain setting to obtain well-defined flow contour

| - average measurements if atrial fibrillation

| - continuous-wave Doppler

| - maximum velocity of tricuspid regurgitant flow

| - multiple acoustic windows to optimize intercept angle

| - estimation of right atrial pressure according to inferior vena cava diameter

| rowspan="4" | - parasternal short-axis view

| - valve thickness (maximum and heterogeneity)

| - extension and location of localized bright zones (fibrous nodutes or calcification)

| rowspan="5" | - parasternal long-axis view

| - valve thickness

| - extension of calcification

| - valve pliability

| - subvalvular apparatus (chordal thickening, fusion, or shortening)

| rowspan="3" | - apical two-chamber view

| - subvalvular apparatus (chordal thickening, fusion, or shortening)

| Detail each component and summarize in a score